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so

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good evening ladies and gentlemen i'm

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jack daly director of the smithsonian's

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national air and space museum and it's a

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pleasure to welcome you to the sixth

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annual john h glenn lecture

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the film you've been watching is newly

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restored video from the july 20th 1969

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live television broadcast

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of the apollo 11 moonwalk

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the release commemorates the 40th

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anniversary of the firm first moon

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mission

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to actually put astronauts on the moon

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since it was inaugurated in 2004

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the lecture has become one of the

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museum's most popular events

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in fact that's our problem tonight we've

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had

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7 000 requests for tickets for this

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event

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485 in this theater so we have folks

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that are

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watching from

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other locations in this museum and from

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home courtesy of nasa tv which is

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providing it both on television and the

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web so it's

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it's live just like it was back then

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before we begin the program though i'd

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like to remind you that photographs and

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filming are not allowed

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please turn off your cell phones and

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other devices

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the annual john glenn lecture supports

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the museum's mission in many ways

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it is named for an individual who is

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known throughout the world for the role

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he played in the history of aviation and

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space

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each year a figure or team distinguished

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in the fields of space exploration or

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space sciences is invited to deliver the

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lecture

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40th anniversary of apollo 11.

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the first human mission to land on the

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moon

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we are privileged to have the entire

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crew mission commander neil armstrong

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command module pilot and founding

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director of this museum michael collins

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and lunar module pilot bulges aldrin for

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the program here tonight the fourth

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member of the panel is dr christopher

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kraft who is known the world over for

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creating mission control

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and succeeded robert gilruth as director

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of the johnson space center

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tonight's program is being made possible

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through the generous support of the

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boeing company

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in addition to providing support for the

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glenn lecture since its inception

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the company has partnered with the

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smithsonian on many important projects

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construction of phase two of the

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museum's stephen f odhasey center in

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chantilly virginia is well underway

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in recognition of the boeing company's

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magnificent contribution to this effort

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we have named the facility's central

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hangar the boeing aviation hangar

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with us tonight is mr timothy keating

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senior vice president of public policy

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at boeing tim would you please rise and

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okay here we go

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without these sponsorships

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these lectures would not be possible so

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we are deeply indebted to boeing for

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this evening

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our audience tonight includes the who's

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who of aviation space flight including

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the largest gathering of apollo

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astronauts in many years

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there are too many individuals to single

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out by name but i'd like to acknowledge

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the crew of

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sts-125 who recently have flew aboard

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the space shuttle atlantis

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you won't be able to see them when i

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introduce them because they're not in

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the theater they're in milestones of

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flight and so the folks out there

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they'll be they will be able to see us

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though so be sure to

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hey you palucas are supposed to be out

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well let me

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let me apologize to the those of you who

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well those those reserve seats in the

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front row outside you're you can go

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ahead and sit on them folks because

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they're available

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well that kind of messes up this little

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part

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i'm not gonna even enter six of them are

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stand up

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i had a very clever series i was going

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to do at that point

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okay

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thank you this fall we look forward to

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having here in the museum

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two of the astronomical instruments that

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the crew brought back to earth from the

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hubble space telescope

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these instruments are the wide field

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planetary camera and the correct optics

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space telescope axial replace

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replacement

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better known as costar

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remember that those were the corrective

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lenses that had to be put on hubble and

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they're going to be here on display but

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also think about that

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it was it was determined that hubble had

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a lens problem once it was on orbit

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nasa analyzed the problem

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developed the collect the correction

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produced it here on earth launched it

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into space and installed it on orbiting

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spacecraft that's a perfect example of

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what nasa does the incredible things

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that nasa does on a regular basis my

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favorite comment there was if you can

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identify the problem nasa can solve it

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and i think this is a perfect example of

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that being but it's going to be those

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those boxes are going to be on display

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here in the museum very shortly and we'd

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invite you to uh to take a look

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they're not in the script tonight but

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something that happened that i think we

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need to mention is the passing of walter

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cronkite

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the uh truly a member of this team and

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uh and he's what really brought the rest

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of us into the the picture with his uh

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narrations of all of the activities and

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was clear that his commitment to the

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space program was total

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and uh so we'll all miss him and there

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will be tributes to him throughout the

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week there were many today

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also i'd like to mention that

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major general charles bolden the united

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states marine corps retired was

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confirmed by the president as

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administrator of nasa last week so

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charlie i know you're here stand up

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for those of you air force guys who are

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concerned that the marines are taking

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one year ago the smithsonian institution

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welcomed its 12th secretary gene wayne

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club

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over the past year dr clough has gotten

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to know the institution's 19 museums 20

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libraries nine research centers the

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national zoo

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and has traveled to smithsonian

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operations in other countries including

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panama chile and in kenya

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dr kluff's vision includes renewal and

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rethinking of the institution's role in

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the life of the nation and the world he

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is moving forward with a major strategic

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planning effort his priorities include

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engaging new audiences and harnessing

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latest technology to achieve the

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institution's founding mandate which is

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the increase in diffusion of knowledge

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dr clough has shown great support for

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the national air and space museum and

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has visited both this building and the

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stephen f udrahasi several times

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he has viewed exhibits met with the

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scientists and curators participated in

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programs toured collection storage

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facilities and even helped us break the

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wall through the udvr housing center

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with a bulldozer to begin construction

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of phase two it is my great honor to

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introduce the 12th secretary of the

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smithsonian institution dr g wayne

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good evening

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and thank you jack for that nice

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introduction and thank you for your

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exceptional leadership and to all your

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colleagues for what this museum and the

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hazard museum does for the american

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people it's a wonderful

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thing for all of us

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let me also say welcome to our special

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guests who are here and obviously there

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are many here tonight

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many who indeed were heroes

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and who have indeed made history

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thank you for coming to help us

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celebrate the annual john glenn lecture

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and

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the 40th anniversary of apollo 11 of the

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moon landing

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and welcome to all those who are

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watching courtesy of nasa through the

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web

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broadcast we appreciate that very much

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we love our partnership with nasa not

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only jointly do we celebrate the wonders

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and the accomplishments of the space

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program of this country

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but indeed we also share activities

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together such as operating the chandras

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orbiting satellite

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telescope as well as working with them

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in the new kepler mission looking for

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new planets

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well 1969 was an eventful year in art

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politics and culture

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but probably no event was more important

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more inspiring or more transforming

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than the moon landing

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the world changed forever that day

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and all of us at least of my generation

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remember where we were

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when it happened and when we saw it on

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television

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i was a student at the university of

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california at berkeley working on my

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ph.d degree

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and that particular day

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we were imbibing slightly on the side at

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a place called laval's beer garden

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celebrating the landing of these great

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astronauts and we raised one and hoisted

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one in your honor

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when it happened

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well tonight you will hear from those

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who actually did it

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we are honored they are here

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in a speech at rice university in 1962

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president john f kennedy described their

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mission as

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the most hazardous and dangerous and

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greatest adventure on which man has ever

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embarked

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here at the smithsonian we're dedicated

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to telling every expanding story of our

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fascination with flight and space

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exploration

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here we celebrate the incredible

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accomplishments of the courageous

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visionary men and women throughout our

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history who dare to divide the odds

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and gravity

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pilot and inventor igor saskorsky once

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wrote

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aeronautics is neither an industry nor a

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science

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it is a miracle

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and it's here at the smithsonian that

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you see the whole story of that miracle

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how astronauts pilots politicians

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scientists engineers inventors and many

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other made it possible to soar

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the apollo 11 mission illustrates the

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best

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of that story

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it took many years of hard work to make

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it happen and there have been many years

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of hard work

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since then

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so last year at our annual folklife

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festival we celebrated the 50th

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anniversary of nasa

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and thousands of dedicated professionals

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who make our space exploration possible

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00:11:06,949 --> 00:11:05,600
well over a million people came to view

286
00:11:09,350 --> 00:11:06,959
the exhibits

287
00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:09,360
and i personally visited at that time

288
00:11:13,350 --> 00:11:10,880
and i'll never forget the look on the

289
00:11:14,870 --> 00:11:13,360
faces of the children and the adults as

290
00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:14,880
they saw the many dazzling

291
00:11:19,509 --> 00:11:17,920
demonstrations about space flight

292
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:19,519
we also at that particular time

293
00:11:23,509 --> 00:11:21,760
celebrated the country of bhutan

294
00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:23,519
and many of the monks who came to

295
00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:25,600
participate had never been out of their

296
00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:28,880
monastery much less been on a plane

297
00:11:32,790 --> 00:11:30,560
and when they had the opportunity to see

298
00:11:35,030 --> 00:11:32,800
what was going on in the nasa provision

299
00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:35,040
they were amazed and it was wonderful to

300
00:11:38,310 --> 00:11:35,920
see

301
00:11:40,389 --> 00:11:38,320
their inspiration when they saw it

302
00:11:42,949 --> 00:11:40,399
well the national air and space museum

303
00:11:44,150 --> 00:11:42,959
hosts more than 7 million visitors

304
00:11:45,990 --> 00:11:44,160
annually

305
00:11:46,949 --> 00:11:46,000
and the smithsonian though is in a new

306
00:11:48,949 --> 00:11:46,959
era

307
00:11:50,949 --> 00:11:48,959
we want to reach not just the millions

308
00:11:53,910 --> 00:11:50,959
who visit here on the mall but the

309
00:11:56,870 --> 00:11:53,920
billions who we can reach using digital

310
00:11:59,269 --> 00:11:56,880
technology to inspire young people

311
00:12:02,150 --> 00:11:59,279
themselves so that they will want to be

312
00:12:04,150 --> 00:12:02,160
scientists and astronauts and nasa

313
00:12:06,069 --> 00:12:04,160
participants scientists

314
00:12:07,670 --> 00:12:06,079
science history and art and culture come

315
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:07,680
together at the smithsonian to tell the

316
00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:09,600
story of what it can mean to be what it

317
00:12:14,710 --> 00:12:12,160
means to be an american

318
00:12:16,870 --> 00:12:14,720
astronaut alan bean of course right now

319
00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:16,880
has a wonderful art exhibit in this

320
00:12:20,629 --> 00:12:19,040
museum it's a great example of how

321
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:20,639
science and art

322
00:12:24,230 --> 00:12:22,480
come together

323
00:12:27,030 --> 00:12:24,240
well all of these stories speak to the

324
00:12:27,910 --> 00:12:27,040
great american spirit and what we stand

325
00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:27,920
for

326
00:12:31,590 --> 00:12:29,760
as a nation

327
00:12:34,389 --> 00:12:31,600
the best of what we stand for is

328
00:12:37,190 --> 00:12:34,399
exemplified in our next speaker and it

329
00:12:39,269 --> 00:12:37,200
is my distinct honor to introduce him

330
00:12:41,910 --> 00:12:39,279
please welcome a true friend of the

331
00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:41,920
smithsonian for decades the man for whom

332
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:44,240
this lecture series is named an

333
00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:48,480
astronaut a senator a marine a pioneer

334
00:13:02,470 --> 00:12:51,440
and a above all a great american patriot

335
00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:06,230
thank you all very much thank you

336
00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:08,320
thank you secretary cliff very much

337
00:13:12,389 --> 00:13:09,760
thank you

338
00:13:14,790 --> 00:13:12,399
the summer of 1969 was a

339
00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:14,800
defining time in america because of the

340
00:13:18,829 --> 00:13:17,600
milestone that we're recognizing tonight

341
00:13:21,430 --> 00:13:18,839
apollo

342
00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:21,440
11. you could ask anyone over the age of

343
00:13:25,030 --> 00:13:23,600
50 what she he or she was doing when we

344
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:25,040
landed on the moon and they can tell you

345
00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:26,800
and that's me too

346
00:13:31,430 --> 00:13:28,800
i was fortunate to be i had left nasa by

347
00:13:33,269 --> 00:13:31,440
that time but i had uh was back in the

348
00:13:35,590 --> 00:13:33,279
observation area in the control center

349
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:35,600
and watch the whole thing unfold there

350
00:13:39,110 --> 00:13:37,600
and something i certainly will uh never

351
00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:39,120
ever forget

352
00:13:43,189 --> 00:13:41,600
along with you and people all over the

353
00:13:45,030 --> 00:13:43,199
world

354
00:13:46,870 --> 00:13:45,040
in 61 president kennedy had made a

355
00:13:49,030 --> 00:13:46,880
public commitment to land on the moon by

356
00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:49,040
the end of the decade

357
00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:51,920
this was not just some idle objective

358
00:13:55,829 --> 00:13:53,440
i think a lot of people forget what the

359
00:13:57,829 --> 00:13:55,839
drive was back at that time

360
00:13:59,269 --> 00:13:57,839
a lot of the drive behind our efforts at

361
00:14:01,430 --> 00:13:59,279
that time

362
00:14:03,189 --> 00:14:01,440
was a cold war

363
00:14:04,470 --> 00:14:03,199
this wasn't just some scientific uh

364
00:14:07,590 --> 00:14:04,480
stunt or

365
00:14:09,509 --> 00:14:07,600
or effort to exceed just for the just

366
00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:09,519
for the doing of it

367
00:14:14,069 --> 00:14:11,760
he was inspired by the cold war and the

368
00:14:16,389 --> 00:14:14,079
competition we had the soviet claims of

369
00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:16,399
research superiority to us

370
00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:18,000
they were taking thousands of students

371
00:14:22,069 --> 00:14:19,760
to the soviet union training them

372
00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:22,079
sending them back to their own countries

373
00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:23,760
and they had been ahead of us a while in

374
00:14:27,509 --> 00:14:25,600
the earlier days of that

375
00:14:29,269 --> 00:14:27,519
of the space program when they were

376
00:14:31,110 --> 00:14:29,279
actually launching and successfully

377
00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:31,120
while some of ours were blowing up on

378
00:14:34,629 --> 00:14:33,120
the mission or

379
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:34,639
boosters were blowing up on the launch

380
00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:36,000
pad

381
00:14:40,870 --> 00:14:38,720
but the years rolled by after the

382
00:14:42,230 --> 00:14:40,880
president made that decision to go and

383
00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:42,240
announce it

384
00:14:47,990 --> 00:14:45,680
and the 60s drew toward a close

385
00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:48,000
in 1968 we have to remember some of the

386
00:14:51,269 --> 00:14:49,680
things that happened at that time we had

387
00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:51,279
great turmoil over the

388
00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:54,160
the vietnam war and we had had

389
00:15:01,110 --> 00:14:58,480
actual riots in chicago over this we had

390
00:15:02,790 --> 00:15:01,120
the assassination of martin luther king

391
00:15:05,430 --> 00:15:02,800
and bobby kennedy

392
00:15:07,910 --> 00:15:05,440
and at the time america stood at sort of

393
00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:07,920
a critical crossroads

394
00:15:11,829 --> 00:15:10,320
and i think you know that apollo 11 did

395
00:15:14,389 --> 00:15:11,839
a lot to bring this country back

396
00:15:15,990 --> 00:15:14,399
together again

397
00:15:17,750 --> 00:15:16,000
people suddenly had a feeling that we

398
00:15:19,990 --> 00:15:17,760
were all one again

399
00:15:23,430 --> 00:15:20,000
and we could go ahead and move ahead

400
00:15:24,790 --> 00:15:23,440
like we hadn't felt for a long time

401
00:15:26,230 --> 00:15:24,800
and i thought it was interesting a few

402
00:15:27,829 --> 00:15:26,240
days ago there was an article in the new

403
00:15:30,870 --> 00:15:27,839
york times i think it was the wolford

404
00:15:33,189 --> 00:15:30,880
article about the the anniversary

405
00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:33,199
when he talked about people americans

406
00:15:36,790 --> 00:15:35,120
around the world where foreigners were

407
00:15:38,230 --> 00:15:36,800
coming up to them in different capitals

408
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:38,240
around the world

409
00:15:43,990 --> 00:15:42,160
and saying we did it we did it we did it

410
00:15:45,749 --> 00:15:44,000
and congratulating americans but it was

411
00:15:47,269 --> 00:15:45,759
we did it

412
00:15:49,030 --> 00:15:47,279
and they were talking about themselves

413
00:15:50,790 --> 00:15:49,040
along with us the way they viewed this

414
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:50,800
whole thing

415
00:15:55,590 --> 00:15:52,880
and showed that i think for the first

416
00:15:57,189 --> 00:15:55,600
time maybe in human history

417
00:15:58,629 --> 00:15:57,199
we had the people of the whole world

418
00:16:01,749 --> 00:15:58,639
with a sense of

419
00:16:03,749 --> 00:16:01,759
it was a major time for all mankind

420
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:03,759
that this was a step that nobody had

421
00:16:07,269 --> 00:16:05,839
ever done before

422
00:16:09,430 --> 00:16:07,279
and it was something that meant a lot to

423
00:16:11,110 --> 00:16:09,440
people all over the world

424
00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:11,120
now it's too bad of course we can't keep

425
00:16:15,990 --> 00:16:14,320
that same kind of dedication because

426
00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:16,000
everyone shared the success of this

427
00:16:20,150 --> 00:16:17,600
historic mission is too bad we just

428
00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:20,160
can't continue that attitude day in and

429
00:16:25,030 --> 00:16:23,360
day out people often wonder if younger

430
00:16:26,790 --> 00:16:25,040
generations who have no memory of the

431
00:16:28,389 --> 00:16:26,800
moon landings recognize the importance

432
00:16:30,949 --> 00:16:28,399
of these events

433
00:16:33,670 --> 00:16:30,959
and perhaps there is a resurgence now of

434
00:16:37,110 --> 00:16:33,680
interest in public service as there was

435
00:16:38,949 --> 00:16:37,120
back after those days of apollo 11.

436
00:16:40,710 --> 00:16:38,959
the 40th anniversary reminds us of how

437
00:16:41,990 --> 00:16:40,720
the work of many people in the lives of

438
00:16:43,990 --> 00:16:42,000
many people

439
00:16:46,389 --> 00:16:44,000
went into sending these people to the

440
00:16:48,310 --> 00:16:46,399
moon on that day

441
00:16:50,550 --> 00:16:48,320
neal many times has mentioned about this

442
00:16:51,430 --> 00:16:50,560
about what a team effort it was a giant

443
00:16:53,350 --> 00:16:51,440
team

444
00:16:54,550 --> 00:16:53,360
hundreds of thousands of people involved

445
00:16:56,150 --> 00:16:54,560
with this

446
00:16:58,150 --> 00:16:56,160
all over the country

447
00:17:00,150 --> 00:16:58,160
and it was indeed that

448
00:17:02,150 --> 00:17:00,160
in remembering the apollo program as a

449
00:17:03,269 --> 00:17:02,160
tribute to what americans can do an

450
00:17:04,549 --> 00:17:03,279
example

451
00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:04,559
of what yet

452
00:17:08,230 --> 00:17:06,720
can be done

453
00:17:10,150 --> 00:17:08,240
to get the discussion underway this

454
00:17:11,350 --> 00:17:10,160
evening i'd like to introduce margaret

455
00:17:13,669 --> 00:17:11,360
weidekamp

456
00:17:15,590 --> 00:17:13,679
she's the curator in the museum division

457
00:17:17,669 --> 00:17:15,600
of space history here

458
00:17:19,990 --> 00:17:17,679
she has a number of graduate degrees has

459
00:17:20,870 --> 00:17:20,000
received numerous awards

460
00:17:23,110 --> 00:17:20,880
and

461
00:17:25,189 --> 00:17:23,120
dr weidekamp oversees the collections of

462
00:17:26,390 --> 00:17:25,199
space memorabilia and space science

463
00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:26,400
objects

464
00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:31,600
she has a job i wouldn't have for any

465
00:17:35,430 --> 00:17:33,520
amount of money

466
00:17:37,430 --> 00:17:35,440
how do you go out how do you have a

467
00:17:39,350 --> 00:17:37,440
flight come back from space

468
00:17:42,150 --> 00:17:39,360
and make the decisions on what is

469
00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:42,160
historically significant to hang on to

470
00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:44,080
and what turns up as a heap of space

471
00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:46,640
junk it just came back and that's what

472
00:17:50,470 --> 00:17:48,640
her job is to determine what's important

473
00:17:51,350 --> 00:17:50,480
on this or not she does a great job with

474
00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:51,360
it

475
00:17:55,750 --> 00:17:53,280
among her duties is coordination of this

476
00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:55,760
annual lecture series also margaret we

477
00:18:08,470 --> 00:17:57,919
appreciate your efforts dr margaret at

478
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,390
thank you very much senator glenn

479
00:18:16,150 --> 00:18:14,630
it is indeed an honor a privilege to

480
00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:16,160
coordinate the glenn lecture in space

481
00:18:19,510 --> 00:18:17,520
history this year

482
00:18:21,270 --> 00:18:19,520
as we commemorate the 40th anniversary

483
00:18:23,029 --> 00:18:21,280
of apollo 11.

484
00:18:25,190 --> 00:18:23,039
our speakers this evening the crew of

485
00:18:27,190 --> 00:18:25,200
that historic mission and dr christopher

486
00:18:28,950 --> 00:18:27,200
kraft have graciously agreed to share

487
00:18:31,510 --> 00:18:28,960
with us their thoughts on the

488
00:18:33,669 --> 00:18:31,520
significance of apollo 11 and american

489
00:18:35,750 --> 00:18:33,679
space flights to the moon

490
00:18:37,990 --> 00:18:35,760
our first speaker this evening will be

491
00:18:39,909 --> 00:18:38,000
dr kraft

492
00:18:42,630 --> 00:18:39,919
as nasa's first flight director for

493
00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:42,640
human space flights christopher c kraft

494
00:18:47,350 --> 00:18:45,120
jr enjoyed a firsthand perspective on

495
00:18:48,470 --> 00:18:47,360
the early years of american human space

496
00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:48,480
flight

497
00:18:52,230 --> 00:18:50,240
many of you have probably enjoyed his

498
00:18:55,909 --> 00:18:52,240
insight since nasa's early history in

499
00:18:57,750 --> 00:18:55,919
his 2001 autobiography flight my life in

500
00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:57,760
mission control

501
00:19:02,230 --> 00:19:00,400
dr kraft served as director of nasa's

502
00:19:05,590 --> 00:19:02,240
johnson space center in houston from

503
00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:05,600
1972 to 1982 and then worked as an

504
00:19:09,669 --> 00:19:07,520
aerospace consultant after his

505
00:19:11,990 --> 00:19:09,679
retirement from nasa

506
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:12,000
he has spoken at the museum before

507
00:19:15,350 --> 00:19:13,600
and we are honored to have him back with

508
00:19:29,350 --> 00:19:15,360
us again this evening

509
00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:31,110
i'm gonna see if i can do that without

510
00:19:34,710 --> 00:19:32,080
this

511
00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:34,720
stuff that's in front of me

512
00:19:38,549 --> 00:19:36,640
uh it's indeed an honor to be here

513
00:19:40,470 --> 00:19:38,559
tonight

514
00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:40,480
it was a great day

515
00:19:45,110 --> 00:19:42,720
40 years ago

516
00:19:47,909 --> 00:19:45,120
it's an honor to be involved in this

517
00:19:50,630 --> 00:19:47,919
great evening with the three men who did

518
00:19:54,150 --> 00:19:50,640
the job they are great americans and

519
00:20:00,150 --> 00:19:56,470
my job supposed to be tonight to set the

520
00:20:03,909 --> 00:20:00,160
stage so i'll try to do that

521
00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:03,919
the russians in 1957 as we all know

522
00:20:07,830 --> 00:20:05,600
started this whole business with

523
00:20:10,149 --> 00:20:07,840
orbiting a satellite

524
00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:10,159
known as sputnik

525
00:20:15,750 --> 00:20:12,720
they had it on page 37

526
00:20:18,630 --> 00:20:15,760
of their newspaper

527
00:20:21,029 --> 00:20:18,640
the sec next day after every newspaper

528
00:20:24,549 --> 00:20:21,039
in the world had it on the front page

529
00:20:28,230 --> 00:20:24,559
they put it on the front page

530
00:20:30,549 --> 00:20:28,240
and in the spring of 1961

531
00:20:33,110 --> 00:20:30,559
following that there was a great deal

532
00:20:34,549 --> 00:20:33,120
turmoil in the space program

533
00:20:37,270 --> 00:20:34,559
but even more

534
00:20:42,310 --> 00:20:39,909
everyone was concerned about what was

535
00:20:44,789 --> 00:20:42,320
happening with the russians

536
00:20:47,110 --> 00:20:44,799
the president was having sleepless

537
00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:47,120
nights

538
00:20:52,710 --> 00:20:50,640
and in 1961 the u.s space program was

539
00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:52,720
also

540
00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:54,960
which was created to start

541
00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:58,320
man's advancement into space

542
00:21:04,549 --> 00:21:01,200
was attempting to launch the first human

543
00:21:07,510 --> 00:21:04,559
into space alan shepard

544
00:21:11,430 --> 00:21:07,520
it was a competition with the russians

545
00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:11,440
the press drove that immensely

546
00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:13,280
many times we were very unhappy about

547
00:21:17,909 --> 00:21:15,520
that but nevertheless we were struggling

548
00:21:22,070 --> 00:21:17,919
to make a safe launch of the first

549
00:21:24,870 --> 00:21:22,080
astronaut into a suborbital flight

550
00:21:25,669 --> 00:21:24,880
now the second flight in project mercury

551
00:21:28,390 --> 00:21:25,679
which

552
00:21:31,990 --> 00:21:28,400
was previous to that

553
00:21:33,990 --> 00:21:32,000
was a very interesting flight because

554
00:21:37,909 --> 00:21:34,000
uh on the sitting on the top of a

555
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:37,919
redstone was a chimpanzee named ham

556
00:21:44,230 --> 00:21:41,520
and he was there because we had to prove

557
00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:44,240
before we could put humans in space that

558
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:46,400
we would indeed would not kill the

559
00:21:55,909 --> 00:21:51,909
unfortunately

560
00:21:59,270 --> 00:21:57,029
on a

561
00:22:01,510 --> 00:21:59,280
rocket built by german engineers in the

562
00:22:04,630 --> 00:22:01,520
u.s army

563
00:22:05,669 --> 00:22:04,640
the rocket cut off early

564
00:22:07,909 --> 00:22:05,679
and

565
00:22:12,310 --> 00:22:07,919
as a result the

566
00:22:13,430 --> 00:22:12,320
escape system created 17 g-force on both

567
00:22:22,310 --> 00:22:13,440
the

568
00:22:28,149 --> 00:22:24,310
and unfortunately

569
00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:28,159
at the same time it ruined the mechanism

570
00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:30,480
of the device that was supposed to test

571
00:22:33,510 --> 00:22:31,600
him

572
00:22:36,549 --> 00:22:33,520
so that we could when he got through

573
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:36,559
proved that he could do a job in space

574
00:22:40,549 --> 00:22:38,480
and as a result

575
00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:40,559
even though he continued it was a slight

576
00:22:44,950 --> 00:22:42,960
interruption in his work but even though

577
00:22:47,029 --> 00:22:44,960
he continued

578
00:22:49,270 --> 00:22:47,039
he was supposed to get a shock if he did

579
00:22:51,990 --> 00:22:49,280
the wrong thing and a banana pellet if

580
00:22:54,470 --> 00:22:52,000
he did it did the right thing

581
00:22:58,230 --> 00:22:54,480
and no matter what he did and he did it

582
00:23:03,750 --> 00:23:01,590
and as a result of landing 100 miles

583
00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:03,760
downrange and a slight hole in the

584
00:23:07,669 --> 00:23:05,760
bottom of his spacecraft

585
00:23:12,549 --> 00:23:07,679
by the time he got there he was pretty

586
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:14,470
now

587
00:23:17,990 --> 00:23:15,440
we

588
00:23:22,789 --> 00:23:18,000
in operations considered that to be a

589
00:23:28,310 --> 00:23:26,070
we did everything we were there to do

590
00:23:30,470 --> 00:23:28,320
we got the chimpanzee back

591
00:23:32,470 --> 00:23:30,480
and he'd done a very good job

592
00:23:34,710 --> 00:23:32,480
but a lot of people didn't see it that

593
00:23:35,750 --> 00:23:34,720
way and particularly

594
00:23:37,909 --> 00:23:35,760
the

595
00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:37,919
medical community who had not yet

596
00:23:41,909 --> 00:23:39,760
believed that man could do a job in

597
00:23:44,390 --> 00:23:41,919
space and as a result

598
00:23:46,789 --> 00:23:44,400
they said we want you to test a certain

599
00:23:48,549 --> 00:23:46,799
number of chimpanzees at the johns hill

600
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:48,559
centrifuge

601
00:23:54,630 --> 00:23:50,400
to destruction

602
00:23:57,269 --> 00:23:54,640
before we'll let you fly alan shepard

603
00:23:59,029 --> 00:23:57,279
now fortunately or unfortunately

604
00:24:01,110 --> 00:23:59,039
whichever way you look at it

605
00:24:02,870 --> 00:24:01,120
several weeks later a gentleman named

606
00:24:05,190 --> 00:24:02,880
yuri gagarin

607
00:24:07,590 --> 00:24:05,200
flew in space

608
00:24:10,230 --> 00:24:07,600
and not only did he not do a suburbal

609
00:24:12,630 --> 00:24:10,240
flight he did an orbital flight

610
00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:12,640
and fortunately the part was fortunate

611
00:24:17,669 --> 00:24:15,600
about it the doctors quickly

612
00:24:19,830 --> 00:24:17,679
decided that it was okay for us to put

613
00:24:21,590 --> 00:24:19,840
alan shepard in space in a sub-orbital

614
00:24:22,950 --> 00:24:21,600
flight

615
00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:22,960
and by the way

616
00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:24,720
that was done

617
00:24:30,070 --> 00:24:26,400
in the glare

618
00:24:36,390 --> 00:24:33,669
so while all of that was taking place

619
00:24:39,190 --> 00:24:36,400
the russians indeed

620
00:24:41,190 --> 00:24:39,200
scored a coup as far as the u.s space

621
00:24:43,430 --> 00:24:41,200
program was concerned

622
00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:43,440
however

623
00:24:47,750 --> 00:24:44,320
several

624
00:24:50,149 --> 00:24:47,760
weeks later we flew alan shepard

625
00:24:52,549 --> 00:24:50,159
and that was truly a successful flight

626
00:24:54,390 --> 00:24:52,559
but it was also

627
00:24:56,070 --> 00:24:54,400
a surprise

628
00:24:57,669 --> 00:24:56,080
to the president of the united states

629
00:25:00,390 --> 00:24:57,679
and a lot of other people that the

630
00:25:01,830 --> 00:25:00,400
response of the united states was

631
00:25:03,430 --> 00:25:01,840
high praise

632
00:25:05,669 --> 00:25:03,440
they thought it was a wonderful thing

633
00:25:07,590 --> 00:25:05,679
and it was a hell of a propaganda coup

634
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:07,600
for the united states

635
00:25:15,590 --> 00:25:12,870
the president

636
00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:15,600
called nasa to i'm paraphrasing here a

637
00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:18,000
little bit called nasa to his own

638
00:25:23,830 --> 00:25:20,720
to his offices and he'd been asking his

639
00:25:26,470 --> 00:25:23,840
staff well what might we do in space

640
00:25:27,669 --> 00:25:26,480
that would ace the russians

641
00:25:30,470 --> 00:25:27,679
and so

642
00:25:33,029 --> 00:25:30,480
the learned fathers of nasa

643
00:25:36,630 --> 00:25:33,039
said well we could probably fly around

644
00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:36,640
the moon in about 10 years

645
00:25:41,350 --> 00:25:39,039
and the president's response for that

646
00:25:43,510 --> 00:25:41,360
that's not very exciting why don't you

647
00:25:46,789 --> 00:25:43,520
land on the moon

648
00:25:49,350 --> 00:25:46,799
and so two weeks later

649
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:49,360
all the nasa people got their

650
00:25:54,149 --> 00:25:51,840
slide rules out and whatever they had

651
00:25:55,830 --> 00:25:54,159
and said okay that's what we were

652
00:25:57,510 --> 00:25:55,840
proposing to do if that's what you want

653
00:26:00,710 --> 00:25:57,520
us to do if you are willing to make that

654
00:26:07,269 --> 00:26:02,789
now

655
00:26:10,470 --> 00:26:07,279
response to that was but frankly it

656
00:26:11,590 --> 00:26:10,480
scared the hell out of me

657
00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:11,600
uh

658
00:26:14,710 --> 00:26:13,760
we didn't know anything

659
00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:14,720
about

660
00:26:21,909 --> 00:26:16,400
space flight at that point in time we

661
00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:23,669
we didn't know how to do orbit

662
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:25,360
determination

663
00:26:29,830 --> 00:26:27,600
with the radar data we had but suddenly

664
00:26:31,669 --> 00:26:29,840
somebody was asking us to do the orbital

665
00:26:33,430 --> 00:26:31,679
mechanics associated with going to the

666
00:26:35,990 --> 00:26:33,440
moon

667
00:26:38,390 --> 00:26:36,000
we had to do tracking and communications

668
00:26:40,789 --> 00:26:38,400
at lunar distances

669
00:26:42,950 --> 00:26:40,799
the surface properties of the moon were

670
00:26:45,029 --> 00:26:42,960
totally unknown and many scientists in

671
00:26:47,350 --> 00:26:45,039
this country thought you would sink into

672
00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:47,360
six feet of dust

673
00:26:50,310 --> 00:26:48,640
and then i thought it would caught on

674
00:26:52,789 --> 00:26:50,320
catch on fire

675
00:26:54,630 --> 00:26:52,799
due to the flame that came from the

676
00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:54,640
devices

677
00:27:00,870 --> 00:26:56,640
and we had to figure out how to do a

678
00:27:03,750 --> 00:27:02,149
now

679
00:27:08,710 --> 00:27:03,760
it also

680
00:27:12,710 --> 00:27:11,110
because we didn't know really how to go

681
00:27:14,470 --> 00:27:12,720
into space

682
00:27:17,190 --> 00:27:14,480
and

683
00:27:19,669 --> 00:27:17,200
many people had great ideas the two two

684
00:27:20,710 --> 00:27:19,679
ideas that came into view were direct

685
00:27:23,269 --> 00:27:20,720
descent

686
00:27:25,430 --> 00:27:23,279
as we fired a big rocket from the earth

687
00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:25,440
and shot it at the moon just like jules

688
00:27:29,830 --> 00:27:28,240
verne did and land

689
00:27:32,389 --> 00:27:29,840
the other technique was you'd put

690
00:27:34,950 --> 00:27:32,399
everything into earth orbit rendezvous

691
00:27:37,029 --> 00:27:34,960
put it all together and then fire it

692
00:27:39,110 --> 00:27:37,039
to the moon and land

693
00:27:40,870 --> 00:27:39,120
and as we began to look at that and

694
00:27:43,430 --> 00:27:40,880
everybody in the country did that had

695
00:27:46,149 --> 00:27:43,440
anything to do with thinking about going

696
00:27:49,110 --> 00:27:46,159
into space many of the universities

697
00:27:51,909 --> 00:27:49,120
we all came up with these great huge

698
00:27:53,669 --> 00:27:51,919
rockets called nova

699
00:27:56,870 --> 00:27:53,679
and there were many rocket systems that

700
00:27:58,630 --> 00:27:56,880
were being thought of well fortunately

701
00:28:00,870 --> 00:27:58,640
a small group of

702
00:28:02,789 --> 00:28:00,880
very smart guys at the langley research

703
00:28:04,870 --> 00:28:02,799
center started looking at what they

704
00:28:06,310 --> 00:28:04,880
might do to overcome this tremendous

705
00:28:08,870 --> 00:28:06,320
amount of mass that would have to be

706
00:28:11,269 --> 00:28:08,880
sent towards the moon

707
00:28:13,269 --> 00:28:11,279
and they decided that the best way to do

708
00:28:15,269 --> 00:28:13,279
that was to take a bug

709
00:28:18,710 --> 00:28:15,279
as they call it

710
00:28:21,350 --> 00:28:18,720
and orbit it around the moon with

711
00:28:22,230 --> 00:28:21,360
a mothership send it down to the moon

712
00:28:24,710 --> 00:28:22,240
land

713
00:28:26,470 --> 00:28:24,720
and take off again in the bug and then

714
00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:26,480
re-rendezvous

715
00:28:30,310 --> 00:28:27,600
with the

716
00:28:32,389 --> 00:28:30,320
spaceship called the mothership at that

717
00:28:34,549 --> 00:28:32,399
point in time

718
00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:34,559
now as it was first thought of by all

719
00:28:38,389 --> 00:28:36,000
these people had been thinking the other

720
00:28:39,830 --> 00:28:38,399
way they thought they were crazy they

721
00:28:42,310 --> 00:28:39,840
literally thought those people were

722
00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:42,320
crazy to think that we could do

723
00:28:46,389 --> 00:28:44,320
rendezvous around the moon but as they

724
00:28:47,510 --> 00:28:46,399
began to recognize the reduction in

725
00:28:49,430 --> 00:28:47,520
weight

726
00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:49,440
and set a certain amount of

727
00:28:54,230 --> 00:28:52,480
intrigue to it and eventually

728
00:28:56,870 --> 00:28:54,240
that's how all the people decided that

729
00:28:59,190 --> 00:28:56,880
we would do it and call it lunar orbit

730
00:29:00,950 --> 00:28:59,200
rendezvous

731
00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:00,960
the men sitting here tonight thankful

732
00:29:06,310 --> 00:29:03,600
that that happened

733
00:29:08,230 --> 00:29:06,320
now as we begin to begin to think about

734
00:29:10,630 --> 00:29:08,240
that however

735
00:29:14,630 --> 00:29:10,640
and yet had not flown

736
00:29:16,710 --> 00:29:14,640
the first man in orbit with mercury

737
00:29:18,710 --> 00:29:16,720
we recognized that we probably had to do

738
00:29:21,110 --> 00:29:18,720
a lot of learning and that's when we

739
00:29:23,430 --> 00:29:21,120
conceived the germany spacecraft it was

740
00:29:25,269 --> 00:29:23,440
actually a two-man version of the

741
00:29:27,510 --> 00:29:25,279
mercury spacecraft

742
00:29:29,269 --> 00:29:27,520
it would allow us to do

743
00:29:31,590 --> 00:29:29,279
hopefully rendezvous and docking in

744
00:29:32,789 --> 00:29:31,600
space for the first time it would allow

745
00:29:36,470 --> 00:29:32,799
us to

746
00:29:38,789 --> 00:29:36,480
use something besides batteries as power

747
00:29:41,510 --> 00:29:38,799
known as a fuel cell

748
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:41,520
it would help us to

749
00:29:46,549 --> 00:29:44,159
find out if man could survive for 14

750
00:29:49,430 --> 00:29:46,559
days at zero gravity

751
00:29:52,549 --> 00:29:49,440
it would help us to do eva

752
00:29:55,269 --> 00:29:52,559
which mr aldrin here practiced valiantly

753
00:29:57,110 --> 00:29:55,279
on germany 12 and proved it could be

754
00:29:59,110 --> 00:29:57,120
done

755
00:30:01,590 --> 00:29:59,120
it developed we had to develop new

756
00:30:03,269 --> 00:30:01,600
spacesuits which will allow the men to

757
00:30:05,990 --> 00:30:03,279
survive and

758
00:30:08,549 --> 00:30:06,000
while working in space

759
00:30:11,430 --> 00:30:08,559
and all of these new requirements

760
00:30:13,269 --> 00:30:11,440
uh were operations that eventually we

761
00:30:15,350 --> 00:30:13,279
would have to do around the moon and in

762
00:30:17,990 --> 00:30:15,360
a sense then

763
00:30:19,830 --> 00:30:18,000
germany was a proving ground

764
00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:19,840
for apollo

765
00:30:24,630 --> 00:30:21,520
now i don't have enough time to describe

766
00:30:29,669 --> 00:30:26,950
and i want to talk about however how we

767
00:30:32,070 --> 00:30:29,679
got to apollo because while many of us

768
00:30:34,149 --> 00:30:32,080
in the operations world and some

769
00:30:37,110 --> 00:30:34,159
engineers were still working on gemini

770
00:30:39,029 --> 00:30:37,120
and apollo the apollo program came into

771
00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:39,039
being

772
00:30:42,870 --> 00:30:40,480
and

773
00:30:44,710 --> 00:30:42,880
this was a whole new concept to these

774
00:30:47,750 --> 00:30:44,720
people many of these people had never

775
00:30:49,669 --> 00:30:47,760
had any experience in space flight

776
00:30:52,789 --> 00:30:49,679
they came from all kinds of other

777
00:30:55,110 --> 00:30:52,799
engineering walks of life

778
00:30:56,230 --> 00:30:55,120
but they had been given the task to very

779
00:30:58,070 --> 00:30:56,240
quickly

780
00:31:00,070 --> 00:30:58,080
come up to speed and start building a

781
00:31:01,509 --> 00:31:00,080
spacecraft

782
00:31:05,430 --> 00:31:01,519
and frankly

783
00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:05,440
they built a damn lousy spacecraft

784
00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:07,760
they were running like the devil trying

785
00:31:11,350 --> 00:31:09,360
to get it done

786
00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:11,360
they didn't have time to listen to

787
00:31:15,110 --> 00:31:13,600
lessons learned

788
00:31:19,750 --> 00:31:15,120
and it was

789
00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:19,760
quite a turmoil in 1967 when it we sent

790
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:21,840
three men to their death

791
00:31:26,630 --> 00:31:23,120
on a pad

792
00:31:30,470 --> 00:31:26,640
at cape canaveral it was a terrible day

793
00:31:32,789 --> 00:31:30,480
a very terrible day to watch that happen

794
00:31:34,310 --> 00:31:32,799
and we had a nasa committee that looked

795
00:31:36,630 --> 00:31:34,320
at what was wrong

796
00:31:38,230 --> 00:31:36,640
and everything was wrong it was poor

797
00:31:39,990 --> 00:31:38,240
workmanship

798
00:31:41,190 --> 00:31:40,000
poor wiring

799
00:31:43,430 --> 00:31:41,200
poor

800
00:31:45,029 --> 00:31:43,440
redundancy concepts

801
00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:45,039
etc

802
00:31:50,630 --> 00:31:49,600
and so we had a re regrouping of nasa

803
00:31:54,549 --> 00:31:50,640
following

804
00:31:55,590 --> 00:31:54,559
mr thompson's review of that program

805
00:31:57,590 --> 00:31:55,600
and

806
00:32:00,149 --> 00:31:57,600
one of the first meetings we had with

807
00:32:02,710 --> 00:32:00,159
george lowe as the new program manager

808
00:32:06,149 --> 00:32:02,720
was a meeting to decide what we needed

809
00:32:08,470 --> 00:32:06,159
to do and we listed 125

810
00:32:10,389 --> 00:32:08,480
things that had to be done to make that

811
00:32:12,149 --> 00:32:10,399
spacecraft viable

812
00:32:14,870 --> 00:32:12,159
and we did that

813
00:32:17,909 --> 00:32:14,880
we worked our fannies off and we got it

814
00:32:19,669 --> 00:32:17,919
done along with the many contractors in

815
00:32:24,630 --> 00:32:19,679
this country

816
00:32:28,389 --> 00:32:26,470
after having done that

817
00:32:29,430 --> 00:32:28,399
and getting getting ourselves ready to

818
00:32:31,750 --> 00:32:29,440
go

819
00:32:33,990 --> 00:32:31,760
it took a lot of guts frankly

820
00:32:36,549 --> 00:32:34,000
we had to rebuild the industry had to

821
00:32:38,710 --> 00:32:36,559
rebuild ourselves and we had to rebuild

822
00:32:41,750 --> 00:32:38,720
the spacecraft

823
00:32:46,710 --> 00:32:41,760
and fortunately in

824
00:32:51,110 --> 00:32:48,389
68

825
00:32:53,509 --> 00:32:51,120
after recognizing that we

826
00:32:55,430 --> 00:32:53,519
were ready to fly the spacecraft we flew

827
00:33:05,509 --> 00:32:55,440
apollo

828
00:33:08,630 --> 00:33:05,519
have been

829
00:33:11,029 --> 00:33:08,640
hard pushed to learn how to do apollo 11

830
00:33:12,310 --> 00:33:11,039
in the time we did

831
00:33:14,230 --> 00:33:12,320
and also

832
00:33:15,909 --> 00:33:14,240
i want to say

833
00:33:17,110 --> 00:33:15,919
that although the death of those three

834
00:33:19,509 --> 00:33:17,120
men

835
00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:19,519
was a terrible thing in our memory

836
00:33:23,750 --> 00:33:21,360
without the fire

837
00:33:26,310 --> 00:33:23,760
i guarantee you we would still be trying

838
00:33:27,509 --> 00:33:26,320
to get to the moon because that was not

839
00:33:30,470 --> 00:33:27,519
going to happen

840
00:33:31,350 --> 00:33:30,480
with the hardware we had

841
00:33:34,630 --> 00:33:31,360
so

842
00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:34,640
we quickly done did apollo 9 in apollo

843
00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:36,000
10

844
00:33:41,509 --> 00:33:38,720
and apollo 11 happened and the gentleman

845
00:33:43,190 --> 00:33:41,519
here tonight will tell you about that

846
00:33:45,509 --> 00:33:43,200
i want to spend the rest of my time

847
00:33:47,830 --> 00:33:45,519
tonight

848
00:33:51,590 --> 00:33:47,840
talking a little bit about the problems

849
00:33:54,149 --> 00:33:51,600
that nasa is struggling with today

850
00:33:56,310 --> 00:33:54,159
because i think that's important

851
00:33:58,870 --> 00:33:56,320
first

852
00:34:01,430 --> 00:33:58,880
in 1915

853
00:34:04,870 --> 00:34:01,440
the naca was established the national

854
00:34:06,470 --> 00:34:04,880
advisory committee for aeronautics

855
00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:06,480
and i want you to know

856
00:34:14,550 --> 00:34:11,040
that something like 80 to 100

857
00:34:16,470 --> 00:34:14,560
of the vehicles that are in this museum

858
00:34:19,109 --> 00:34:16,480
had their roots

859
00:34:22,069 --> 00:34:19,119
in the naca

860
00:34:24,310 --> 00:34:22,079
i want to think about that

861
00:34:27,510 --> 00:34:24,320
all of these flying machines that you

862
00:34:30,389 --> 00:34:27,520
see around you had their roots

863
00:34:33,030 --> 00:34:30,399
in the naca

864
00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:33,040
now the nasa programs that we did in the

865
00:34:39,430 --> 00:34:35,520
60s

866
00:34:42,389 --> 00:34:39,440
had a great deal of payoff

867
00:34:44,310 --> 00:34:42,399
we didn't invent everything

868
00:34:46,869 --> 00:34:44,320
that happened in apollo

869
00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:46,879
but it was the demands

870
00:34:52,389 --> 00:34:50,399
a product of proto of the products

871
00:34:54,550 --> 00:34:52,399
of the perfection

872
00:34:57,910 --> 00:34:54,560
of the reliability

873
00:35:00,550 --> 00:34:57,920
of the performance of the mass

874
00:35:03,510 --> 00:35:00,560
of the reduction in power

875
00:35:05,030 --> 00:35:03,520
that brought about a spike

876
00:35:06,870 --> 00:35:05,040
and in my opinion the greatest

877
00:35:10,950 --> 00:35:06,880
advancement in the state of the art in

878
00:35:13,750 --> 00:35:10,960
technology in the history of man

879
00:35:14,829 --> 00:35:13,760
it was the nasa programs

880
00:35:18,870 --> 00:35:14,839
that drove

881
00:35:20,550 --> 00:35:18,880
that so i say

882
00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:20,560
we can call that

883
00:35:25,109 --> 00:35:23,200
return on investment

884
00:35:27,109 --> 00:35:25,119
every company

885
00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:27,119
in the united states has a capital

886
00:35:30,790 --> 00:35:28,480
expenditure

887
00:35:32,790 --> 00:35:30,800
i've served on a number of boards and

888
00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:32,800
that's our whole life their whole future

889
00:35:38,230 --> 00:35:35,760
depends on making an investment

890
00:35:40,069 --> 00:35:38,240
with capital funds every year

891
00:35:41,990 --> 00:35:40,079
and they're looking for return on

892
00:35:45,589 --> 00:35:42,000
investment nasa

893
00:35:48,310 --> 00:35:45,599
is the best return on investment

894
00:35:50,150 --> 00:35:48,320
that this country has ever seen

895
00:35:52,630 --> 00:35:50,160
and is today

896
00:35:54,710 --> 00:35:52,640
the best government agency to get a

897
00:35:58,950 --> 00:35:54,720
return on investment

898
00:36:01,589 --> 00:35:58,960
and it is where our future lies

899
00:36:01,599 --> 00:36:05,430
the point i want to make is

900
00:36:11,510 --> 00:36:08,150
that we need to make an investment in

901
00:36:13,990 --> 00:36:11,520
new technology and nasa

902
00:36:16,470 --> 00:36:14,000
there are all kinds of ways to use that

903
00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:16,480
technology everybody's got his ideas and

904
00:36:20,150 --> 00:36:17,920
buzz will tell you a bunch of them

905
00:36:22,069 --> 00:36:20,160
tonight about how to get there

906
00:36:24,150 --> 00:36:22,079
and how to use it there are a lot of

907
00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:24,160
other people that do that but what we

908
00:36:28,870 --> 00:36:27,280
need is new technology we have not made

909
00:36:30,390 --> 00:36:28,880
that investment

910
00:36:32,870 --> 00:36:30,400
since apollo

911
00:36:34,630 --> 00:36:32,880
all the programs that nasa has had has

912
00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:34,640
demanded that they spend the money on

913
00:36:40,069 --> 00:36:37,280
the programs as opposed to spending

914
00:36:41,270 --> 00:36:40,079
putting money into technology for the

915
00:36:44,150 --> 00:36:41,280
future

916
00:36:45,910 --> 00:36:44,160
in in mercury germany and apollo we

917
00:36:49,430 --> 00:36:45,920
spent about 10

918
00:36:51,270 --> 00:36:49,440
of our monies on the future

919
00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:51,280
fuel cells

920
00:36:56,950 --> 00:36:54,400
thermal protection systems

921
00:36:59,750 --> 00:36:56,960
the communication satellite and

922
00:37:01,910 --> 00:36:59,760
computers change the whole world in

923
00:37:03,910 --> 00:37:01,920
which we live

924
00:37:06,790 --> 00:37:03,920
that's what we need today

925
00:37:09,349 --> 00:37:06,800
we need an investment in the future and

926
00:37:10,230 --> 00:37:09,359
a return on investment which we could

927
00:37:12,470 --> 00:37:10,240
see

928
00:37:14,230 --> 00:37:12,480
and provide to the country

929
00:37:16,550 --> 00:37:14,240
so i say

930
00:37:18,470 --> 00:37:16,560
to mr obama

931
00:37:35,109 --> 00:37:18,480
let's get on with it

932
00:37:35,119 --> 00:37:38,230
thank you dr craft

933
00:37:43,349 --> 00:37:40,230
our spec second speaker this evening

934
00:37:44,710 --> 00:37:43,359
will be apollo 11 lunar module pilot dr

935
00:37:47,190 --> 00:37:44,720
buzz aldrin

936
00:37:49,670 --> 00:37:47,200
a west point graduate dr aldrin joined

937
00:37:52,230 --> 00:37:49,680
the air force in 1951.

938
00:37:54,069 --> 00:37:52,240
flew combat missions in korea and then

939
00:37:56,950 --> 00:37:54,079
earned his doctorate in astronautics

940
00:37:58,950 --> 00:37:56,960
from mit in 1963.

941
00:38:00,150 --> 00:37:58,960
he dedicated his dissertation and i want

942
00:38:02,310 --> 00:38:00,160
to quote this

943
00:38:05,190 --> 00:38:02,320
to the crew members of this country's

944
00:38:07,190 --> 00:38:05,200
present and future manned space programs

945
00:38:09,430 --> 00:38:07,200
if only i could join them in their

946
00:38:12,069 --> 00:38:09,440
exciting endeavors

947
00:38:14,150 --> 00:38:12,079
he soon did becoming a nasa astronaut

948
00:38:16,870 --> 00:38:14,160
later that same year

949
00:38:19,349 --> 00:38:16,880
his successes flying gemini 12 and as

950
00:38:22,470 --> 00:38:19,359
the lunar module pilot for apollo 11

951
00:38:24,950 --> 00:38:22,480
cemented his place in history

952
00:38:27,589 --> 00:38:24,960
with a long career in public life dr

953
00:38:30,150 --> 00:38:27,599
aldrin continues to be an active figure

954
00:38:33,829 --> 00:38:30,160
lending his experience and his energy

955
00:38:35,910 --> 00:38:33,839
to books conferences documentary films

956
00:38:39,190 --> 00:38:35,920
and even this year recording a music

957
00:38:41,910 --> 00:38:39,200
video with rapper snoop dogg

958
00:39:02,710 --> 00:38:41,920
it is my pleasure to welcome dr buzz

959
00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:04,470
somebody was going to put a slide up

960
00:39:07,670 --> 00:39:06,160
there that i was going to dazzle you

961
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:07,680
with

962
00:39:21,750 --> 00:39:18,470
and i know that it's a little daunting

963
00:39:23,510 --> 00:39:21,760
to uh to view progressive ways into the

964
00:39:27,430 --> 00:39:23,520
future

965
00:39:31,670 --> 00:39:27,440
that's not the only thing i'm going to

966
00:39:35,829 --> 00:39:33,829
but that's what i have really always

967
00:39:37,750 --> 00:39:35,839
been looking at

968
00:39:39,510 --> 00:39:37,760
what can we do that's a little bit

969
00:39:41,109 --> 00:39:39,520
better

970
00:39:42,630 --> 00:39:41,119
and i'm going to leave this up for just

971
00:39:44,550 --> 00:39:42,640
a couple of seconds

972
00:39:48,230 --> 00:39:44,560
and then later on it's going to come on

973
00:39:50,230 --> 00:39:48,240
when i begin to talk about a few things

974
00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:50,240
that are that are on this

975
00:39:58,470 --> 00:39:55,750
if i don't talk too long we might get to

976
00:40:00,790 --> 00:39:58,480
look at it again

977
00:40:02,310 --> 00:40:00,800
we are here

978
00:40:06,470 --> 00:40:02,320
and i think

979
00:40:13,829 --> 00:40:09,349
from the wright brothers in kitty hawk

980
00:40:15,829 --> 00:40:13,839
to tranquility base was 66 years

981
00:40:18,470 --> 00:40:15,839
from tranquility base

982
00:40:21,990 --> 00:40:18,480
66 years in the future

983
00:40:24,550 --> 00:40:22,000
takes us to 2035

984
00:40:28,790 --> 00:40:24,560
i believe we deserve to do a little bit

985
00:40:30,309 --> 00:40:28,800
more than footprints on the moon

986
00:40:32,870 --> 00:40:30,319
and i believe that

987
00:40:37,030 --> 00:40:32,880
there is a timeline there are many of

988
00:40:40,550 --> 00:40:37,040
them but i believe we can do that

989
00:40:44,630 --> 00:40:43,190
you turn up the slide please

990
00:40:47,030 --> 00:40:44,640
thank you

991
00:40:49,190 --> 00:40:47,040
and good evening everyone i'd also like

992
00:40:52,069 --> 00:40:49,200
of course to thank the smithsonian and

993
00:40:53,589 --> 00:40:52,079
my former colleagues for the opportunity

994
00:40:55,030 --> 00:40:53,599
to be with you all

995
00:40:57,589 --> 00:40:55,040
this evening

996
00:40:59,910 --> 00:40:57,599
four decades ago

997
00:41:02,550 --> 00:40:59,920
have passed since neil mike and i

998
00:41:03,910 --> 00:41:02,560
traveled across the blackness of space

999
00:41:06,550 --> 00:41:03,920
to win

1000
00:41:09,349 --> 00:41:06,560
a peaceful race

1001
00:41:11,109 --> 00:41:09,359
it was then and still is today an honor

1002
00:41:14,150 --> 00:41:11,119
and a privilege

1003
00:41:16,950 --> 00:41:14,160
to be a part of apollo 11

1004
00:41:19,670 --> 00:41:16,960
and the entire apollo program

1005
00:41:21,510 --> 00:41:19,680
tonight you may well ask

1006
00:41:24,470 --> 00:41:21,520
what did it mean

1007
00:41:28,309 --> 00:41:24,480
that america was first on the moon and

1008
00:41:32,550 --> 00:41:28,319
what can america do next in space

1009
00:41:36,309 --> 00:41:32,560
to build upon that long ago achievement

1010
00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:36,319
apollo 11 was about exploration

1011
00:41:42,550 --> 00:41:39,520
about taking risks for great rewards in

1012
00:41:44,309 --> 00:41:42,560
science and engineering about setting an

1013
00:41:46,309 --> 00:41:44,319
ambitious goal

1014
00:41:49,430 --> 00:41:46,319
before the world

1015
00:41:52,470 --> 00:41:49,440
and then finding the political will and

1016
00:41:55,589 --> 00:41:52,480
the national means to achieve it

1017
00:41:57,270 --> 00:41:55,599
indelibly oppress impressed upon our

1018
00:41:59,349 --> 00:41:57,280
nation's memory

1019
00:42:00,829 --> 00:41:59,359
the voyage of apollo

1020
00:42:02,630 --> 00:42:00,839
still seem

1021
00:42:05,430 --> 00:42:02,640
incredible

1022
00:42:07,349 --> 00:42:05,440
we are inspired by the magnitude and

1023
00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:07,359
teaming efforts

1024
00:42:12,390 --> 00:42:10,480
of people from all walks of life

1025
00:42:13,589 --> 00:42:12,400
from industries big

1026
00:42:16,950 --> 00:42:13,599
and small

1027
00:42:19,670 --> 00:42:16,960
who worked in tandem to attain a

1028
00:42:21,109 --> 00:42:19,680
long-term goal of magnificent

1029
00:42:22,790 --> 00:42:21,119
achievement

1030
00:42:25,349 --> 00:42:22,800
while neil and i

1031
00:42:26,950 --> 00:42:25,359
stood on the lunar surface with mike

1032
00:42:29,349 --> 00:42:26,960
orbiting above

1033
00:42:32,150 --> 00:42:29,359
supporting the three of us were hundreds

1034
00:42:34,309 --> 00:42:32,160
of thousands of american workers

1035
00:42:37,030 --> 00:42:34,319
who comprise what may be called the

1036
00:42:39,430 --> 00:42:37,040
greatest team ever assembled

1037
00:42:41,750 --> 00:42:39,440
they are often overlooked at a time like

1038
00:42:44,069 --> 00:42:41,760
this so i would like to pause tonight

1039
00:42:46,870 --> 00:42:44,079
and look backwards not through the eyes

1040
00:42:49,270 --> 00:42:46,880
of a lucky pilot and astronaut but

1041
00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:49,280
through the eyes of these hard-working

1042
00:42:54,710 --> 00:42:52,319
americans the scientists and engineers

1043
00:42:56,550 --> 00:42:54,720
metallurgist and meteoroid

1044
00:43:00,630 --> 00:42:56,560
meteorologists

1045
00:43:03,589 --> 00:43:00,640
policy makers and flight directors

1046
00:43:06,790 --> 00:43:03,599
navigators and suit testers and all

1047
00:43:11,030 --> 00:43:06,800
those in the shop floor such as the

1048
00:43:14,550 --> 00:43:11,040
seamstress who stitched the 21 layers

1049
00:43:16,150 --> 00:43:14,560
for each custom tailored spacesuit

1050
00:43:18,950 --> 00:43:16,160
we cannot ever

1051
00:43:22,309 --> 00:43:18,960
adequately thank them for committing

1052
00:43:25,109 --> 00:43:22,319
their lives and professional energies

1053
00:43:27,990 --> 00:43:25,119
minds and hearts to this mission

1054
00:43:30,950 --> 00:43:28,000
and to the other apollo mission tonight

1055
00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:30,960
while we think about missions past and

1056
00:43:34,710 --> 00:43:32,400
future

1057
00:43:37,829 --> 00:43:34,720
i also want to think about and thank

1058
00:43:40,230 --> 00:43:37,839
those without whom we would never have

1059
00:43:41,750 --> 00:43:40,240
walked on the moon

1060
00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:41,760
ed white

1061
00:43:46,710 --> 00:43:44,800
roger jaffe gus grissom

1062
00:43:49,190 --> 00:43:46,720
the americans who came

1063
00:43:52,829 --> 00:43:49,200
committed believed and conquered the

1064
00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:52,839
unknowns with us apollo 11 was also

1065
00:44:01,030 --> 00:43:58,790
we are moved by a young american

1066
00:44:01,990 --> 00:44:01,040
president who challenged himself and all

1067
00:44:05,589 --> 00:44:02,000
of us

1068
00:44:09,510 --> 00:44:05,599
to think boldly and not retreat from our

1069
00:44:11,829 --> 00:44:09,520
vision of what we could do in space the

1070
00:44:12,870 --> 00:44:11,839
path that john f kennedy inspired us to

1071
00:44:16,150 --> 00:44:12,880
choose

1072
00:44:18,230 --> 00:44:16,160
was not easy

1073
00:44:19,750 --> 00:44:18,240
in fact it was

1074
00:44:22,630 --> 00:44:19,760
very hard

1075
00:44:25,510 --> 00:44:22,640
but it served the betterment of america

1076
00:44:27,829 --> 00:44:25,520
and ultimately the ending of the cold

1077
00:44:30,069 --> 00:44:27,839
war

1078
00:44:32,470 --> 00:44:30,079
all of these lessons are worth learning

1079
00:44:34,950 --> 00:44:32,480
anew today in the difficult times we

1080
00:44:37,349 --> 00:44:34,960
face together

1081
00:44:40,230 --> 00:44:37,359
i believe that bold achievements in

1082
00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:40,240
space not only reflect our country's

1083
00:44:47,430 --> 00:44:44,240
greatness but beckon us to discoveries

1084
00:44:50,069 --> 00:44:47,440
that can improve our lives on earth i

1085
00:44:52,309 --> 00:44:50,079
also believe that national leadership

1086
00:44:53,910 --> 00:44:52,319
and the coming together of the american

1087
00:44:56,309 --> 00:44:53,920
people

1088
00:44:57,750 --> 00:44:56,319
are the ingredients that make

1089
00:45:00,470 --> 00:44:57,760
overwhelming

1090
00:45:04,150 --> 00:45:00,480
obstacles possible

1091
00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:04,160
this was how progress was achieved 40

1092
00:45:07,589 --> 00:45:05,520
years ago

1093
00:45:09,589 --> 00:45:07,599
this is how we can rise from our

1094
00:45:13,030 --> 00:45:09,599
challenges today

1095
00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:13,040
apollo 11 is a symbol of what a great

1096
00:45:18,950 --> 00:45:15,839
nation and a great people can do

1097
00:45:22,309 --> 00:45:18,960
if we work hard work together

1098
00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:22,319
and have strong leaders with vision

1099
00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:26,640
and determination that is what apollo 11

1100
00:45:31,910 --> 00:45:28,160
means

1101
00:45:35,190 --> 00:45:31,920
to us today to me today realizing the

1102
00:45:37,030 --> 00:45:35,200
dream of exploration by way

1103
00:45:39,990 --> 00:45:37,040
of determination

1104
00:45:43,190 --> 00:45:40,000
what we did 40 years ago was a great

1105
00:45:45,510 --> 00:45:43,200
mission of exploration tonight i'd like

1106
00:45:48,630 --> 00:45:45,520
to share with you a glimpse of where we

1107
00:45:51,829 --> 00:45:48,640
can go in the next 40 years if only we

1108
00:45:54,069 --> 00:45:51,839
are willing to be truly bold

1109
00:45:56,230 --> 00:45:54,079
the best way to honor and remember all

1110
00:45:57,430 --> 00:45:56,240
those who were part of the apollo

1111
00:45:58,870 --> 00:45:57,440
program

1112
00:46:01,510 --> 00:45:58,880
is to

1113
00:46:03,910 --> 00:46:01,520
follow in our footsteps

1114
00:46:08,150 --> 00:46:03,920
to boldly go again

1115
00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:08,160
on a great new mission of exploration

1116
00:46:13,510 --> 00:46:10,480
if our leaders are as wise today as

1117
00:46:16,309 --> 00:46:13,520
president kennedy was in our time a

1118
00:46:17,510 --> 00:46:16,319
strong and visionary space program can

1119
00:46:20,790 --> 00:46:17,520
once again

1120
00:46:23,030 --> 00:46:20,800
inspire us to great achievement my

1121
00:46:26,069 --> 00:46:23,040
mission vision for the future of the

1122
00:46:28,390 --> 00:46:26,079
space program is very much in keeping

1123
00:46:31,589 --> 00:46:28,400
with our apollo tradition

1124
00:46:34,630 --> 00:46:31,599
but this time instead of a moon race we

1125
00:46:36,390 --> 00:46:34,640
can help make the moon a true

1126
00:46:39,349 --> 00:46:36,400
stepping stone

1127
00:46:42,390 --> 00:46:39,359
to more exciting and habitable

1128
00:46:44,390 --> 00:46:42,400
destinations with the moon acting as a

1129
00:46:45,510 --> 00:46:44,400
new global

1130
00:46:47,510 --> 00:46:45,520
commons

1131
00:46:50,470 --> 00:46:47,520
for all nations

1132
00:46:52,550 --> 00:46:50,480
we can venture outward to mars for

1133
00:46:54,870 --> 00:46:52,560
america's future

1134
00:46:58,230 --> 00:46:54,880
it may sound like a distant destination

1135
00:47:02,550 --> 00:46:58,240
beyond our reach but that's what some

1136
00:47:05,670 --> 00:47:02,560
called apollos gold to reach the moon

1137
00:47:07,109 --> 00:47:05,680
and they were wrong

1138
00:47:09,109 --> 00:47:07,119
let me share with you where i think

1139
00:47:10,390 --> 00:47:09,119
america must go in space during the next

1140
00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:10,400
half century

1141
00:47:14,870 --> 00:47:12,400
come travel with me on a journey of the

1142
00:47:17,750 --> 00:47:14,880
imagination it begins in earth orbit

1143
00:47:20,870 --> 00:47:17,760
where america's space interpreters have

1144
00:47:22,790 --> 00:47:20,880
opened up the space ways to

1145
00:47:25,910 --> 00:47:22,800
adventure travel

1146
00:47:28,230 --> 00:47:25,920
for hundreds of ordinary folk

1147
00:47:30,390 --> 00:47:28,240
it builds upon the great international

1148
00:47:33,510 --> 00:47:30,400
space station which has become an

1149
00:47:35,190 --> 00:47:33,520
orbiting research center and laboratory

1150
00:47:36,829 --> 00:47:35,200
for all nations

1151
00:47:38,790 --> 00:47:36,839
and including

1152
00:47:41,270 --> 00:47:38,800
india china

1153
00:47:44,549 --> 00:47:41,280
south korea and all other nations that

1154
00:47:47,589 --> 00:47:44,559
aspire to explore space we travel to

1155
00:47:50,870 --> 00:47:47,599
earth's orbit aboard a new reusable

1156
00:47:52,390 --> 00:47:50,880
spacecraft successors to the magnificent

1157
00:47:54,950 --> 00:47:52,400
space shuttle fleet

1158
00:47:57,270 --> 00:47:54,960
multi-purpose international and

1159
00:48:00,870 --> 00:47:57,280
commercial ships

1160
00:48:02,630 --> 00:48:00,880
capable of runway landings and a variety

1161
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:02,640
of other missions

1162
00:48:08,870 --> 00:48:06,160
we test long duration life support

1163
00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:08,880
exploration modules

1164
00:48:14,950 --> 00:48:11,440
at the space station combine them with

1165
00:48:16,950 --> 00:48:14,960
orion type crew modules for missions

1166
00:48:18,950 --> 00:48:16,960
that cycle back and forth between the

1167
00:48:21,670 --> 00:48:18,960
earth and the moon and then

1168
00:48:24,549 --> 00:48:21,680
stationed in the lunar vicinity to act

1169
00:48:27,589 --> 00:48:24,559
as communication relays man tended and

1170
00:48:29,670 --> 00:48:27,599
to serve as refueling depots

1171
00:48:30,630 --> 00:48:29,680
not just in low earth orbit one would be

1172
00:48:33,270 --> 00:48:30,640
there but

1173
00:48:37,750 --> 00:48:33,280
at the libration point close to the moon

1174
00:48:40,870 --> 00:48:37,760
we fly by comets and intercept asteroids

1175
00:48:45,349 --> 00:48:40,880
with dual missions for redundancy

1176
00:48:47,270 --> 00:48:45,359
the comets have names like virtanon

1177
00:48:50,549 --> 00:48:47,280
hartley iii

1178
00:48:53,430 --> 00:48:50,559
and the earth-threatening

1179
00:48:57,109 --> 00:48:53,440
near-earth object apophis

1180
00:49:02,230 --> 00:48:57,119
swinging by in 2011

1181
00:49:05,430 --> 00:49:02,240
in 2023 and in 2029 pretty damn close

1182
00:49:10,150 --> 00:49:05,440
and if it just goes the right place in

1183
00:49:11,109 --> 00:49:10,160
friday the 13th of april 2029

1184
00:49:56,150 --> 00:49:11,119
a

1185
00:49:59,910 --> 00:49:56,160
of

1186
00:50:01,510 --> 00:49:59,920
and then bring it back to our home world

1187
00:50:04,950 --> 00:50:01,520
for study

1188
00:50:08,309 --> 00:50:04,960
step by step just as mercury

1189
00:50:11,510 --> 00:50:08,319
and gemini and apollo

1190
00:50:14,710 --> 00:50:11,520
made apollo possible made the landings

1191
00:50:17,109 --> 00:50:14,720
up possible we moved deeper into space

1192
00:50:21,589 --> 00:50:17,119
for several manned landings

1193
00:50:24,230 --> 00:50:21,599
on bobus the inner moon of mars all

1194
00:50:25,589 --> 00:50:24,240
in a prelude to our historic mission to

1195
00:50:27,670 --> 00:50:25,599
homestead

1196
00:50:30,470 --> 00:50:27,680
the red planet itself

1197
00:50:33,109 --> 00:50:30,480
such bold missions of exploration will

1198
00:50:34,950 --> 00:50:33,119
require determination support

1199
00:50:37,190 --> 00:50:34,960
and political will

1200
00:50:40,630 --> 00:50:37,200
as did our mission

1201
00:50:41,910 --> 00:50:40,640
to the moon four decades ago

1202
00:50:43,190 --> 00:50:41,920
we have

1203
00:50:45,829 --> 00:50:43,200
the vision

1204
00:50:49,349 --> 00:50:45,839
we can reach these destinations on the

1205
00:50:51,349 --> 00:50:49,359
pathways to mars within the next two

1206
00:50:54,150 --> 00:50:51,359
decades

1207
00:50:58,069 --> 00:50:54,160
and if we preserve persevere the

1208
00:51:01,190 --> 00:50:58,079
pathways we can reach mars itself

1209
00:51:04,790 --> 00:51:01,200
before that 2035.

1210
00:51:08,630 --> 00:51:04,800
66 years after tranquility base

1211
00:51:11,349 --> 00:51:08,640
which was 66 years after kitty hawk

1212
00:51:14,150 --> 00:51:11,359
to realize the dream of humans on mars

1213
00:51:16,630 --> 00:51:14,160
we need a unified

1214
00:51:19,750 --> 00:51:16,640
space vision

1215
00:51:20,870 --> 00:51:19,760
we need to focus on pathways to the

1216
00:51:23,190 --> 00:51:20,880
prize

1217
00:51:26,069 --> 00:51:23,200
even now russia and china

1218
00:51:29,670 --> 00:51:26,079
and france will soon embark on a phobos

1219
00:51:31,430 --> 00:51:29,680
soil sample return mission

1220
00:51:34,069 --> 00:51:31,440
very complex

1221
00:51:36,870 --> 00:51:34,079
and they will share the soil sample with

1222
00:51:39,670 --> 00:51:36,880
the french by agreement

1223
00:51:42,390 --> 00:51:39,680
the greatest challenge for us is this

1224
00:51:44,950 --> 00:51:42,400
america do you still dream

1225
00:51:47,910 --> 00:51:44,960
great dreams

1226
00:51:50,790 --> 00:51:47,920
do you still believe in yourself

1227
00:51:52,150 --> 00:51:50,800
are you ready for a great national

1228
00:51:54,790 --> 00:51:52,160
challenge

1229
00:51:57,510 --> 00:51:54,800
i call on the next generation

1230
00:52:00,870 --> 00:51:57,520
and our political leaders to give this

1231
00:52:07,750 --> 00:52:02,870
yes we can

1232
00:52:10,549 --> 00:52:07,760
a quarter of a million miles from where

1233
00:52:13,109 --> 00:52:10,559
we are tonight on the dusty surface of

1234
00:52:15,430 --> 00:52:13,119
our luminous moon are the traces of that

1235
00:52:17,270 --> 00:52:15,440
first pioneering adventure

1236
00:52:20,150 --> 00:52:17,280
and we've just seen them

1237
00:52:22,309 --> 00:52:20,160
on films just brought back

1238
00:52:24,950 --> 00:52:22,319
attached to the lunar lander the eagle

1239
00:52:27,030 --> 00:52:24,960
that brought neil and me to the surface

1240
00:52:29,030 --> 00:52:27,040
is a plaque with the words that can

1241
00:52:30,150 --> 00:52:29,040
still be read today

1242
00:52:34,309 --> 00:52:30,160
it says

1243
00:52:35,829 --> 00:52:34,319
we came in peace for all mankind

1244
00:52:38,390 --> 00:52:35,839
yes we did

1245
00:52:40,950 --> 00:52:38,400
and yes we will again

1246
00:52:44,069 --> 00:52:40,960
it was a great personal honor to walk on

1247
00:52:45,510 --> 00:52:44,079
the moon but as neil once observed there

1248
00:52:48,549 --> 00:52:45,520
are still

1249
00:52:50,950 --> 00:52:48,559
places to go beyond belief

1250
00:52:53,589 --> 00:52:50,960
my call is to the next generation of

1251
00:52:57,349 --> 00:52:53,599
space explorers and their leaders

1252
00:52:58,870 --> 00:52:57,359
isn't it time we continued our journey

1253
00:53:01,109 --> 00:52:58,880
outward

1254
00:53:03,030 --> 00:53:01,119
past the moon

1255
00:53:05,270 --> 00:53:03,040
thank you for listening to me and may

1256
00:53:19,990 --> 00:53:05,280
god always bless the united states of

1257
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:23,589
thank you very much dr aldrin

1258
00:53:28,230 --> 00:53:25,430
our third speaker this evening will be

1259
00:53:29,750 --> 00:53:28,240
apollo 11 command module pilot michael

1260
00:53:34,150 --> 00:53:29,760
collins

1261
00:53:36,309 --> 00:53:34,160
albans school here in dc and then from

1262
00:53:38,309 --> 00:53:36,319
west point before entering the air force

1263
00:53:40,549 --> 00:53:38,319
in 1952

1264
00:53:43,430 --> 00:53:40,559
he flew as an experimental flight test

1265
00:53:45,589 --> 00:53:43,440
officer then joined nasa as an astronaut

1266
00:53:48,309 --> 00:53:45,599
in 1963.

1267
00:53:51,430 --> 00:53:48,319
in his career at nasa he flew on gemini

1268
00:53:54,230 --> 00:53:51,440
10 and then as the command module pilot

1269
00:53:57,109 --> 00:53:54,240
for apollo 11 circling the moon while

1270
00:53:59,430 --> 00:53:57,119
neil armstrong and buzz aldrin landed

1271
00:54:01,190 --> 00:53:59,440
after leaving nasa general collins

1272
00:54:03,109 --> 00:54:01,200
became the director of this museum

1273
00:54:05,349 --> 00:54:03,119
overseeing its construction and its

1274
00:54:07,270 --> 00:54:05,359
opening during the nation's bicentennial

1275
00:54:09,430 --> 00:54:07,280
of 1976.

1276
00:54:11,990 --> 00:54:09,440
he also served as an undersecretary of

1277
00:54:13,910 --> 00:54:12,000
the smithsonian institution

1278
00:54:15,430 --> 00:54:13,920
when we were planning this evening i did

1279
00:54:17,190 --> 00:54:15,440
what the coordinator supposed to do

1280
00:54:18,790 --> 00:54:17,200
which is to offer each of the speakers a

1281
00:54:21,109 --> 00:54:18,800
chance to have a little rehearsal or a

1282
00:54:22,829 --> 00:54:21,119
walk-through to familiarize themselves

1283
00:54:26,069 --> 00:54:22,839
with the room to get a sense of the

1284
00:54:27,750 --> 00:54:26,079
space general collins politely declined

1285
00:54:29,589 --> 00:54:27,760
he knows this space

1286
00:54:30,790 --> 00:54:29,599
in fact he probably approved the plans

1287
00:54:32,390 --> 00:54:30,800
for the seat that you're sitting in

1288
00:54:34,230 --> 00:54:32,400
right now

1289
00:54:36,710 --> 00:54:34,240
we're delighted this evening to have him

1290
00:54:50,470 --> 00:54:36,720
back on such familiar territory

1291
00:54:54,710 --> 00:54:53,190
thank you thank you margaret you're

1292
00:54:56,950 --> 00:54:54,720
right i've spent a lot of time in this

1293
00:55:00,230 --> 00:54:56,960
room and i apologize in some ways for

1294
00:55:03,670 --> 00:55:00,240
its design it's designed for uh imacs

1295
00:55:05,990 --> 00:55:03,680
not for live speeches not sure anybody's

1296
00:55:08,230 --> 00:55:06,000
up there out there i'm down here in the

1297
00:55:11,910 --> 00:55:08,240
bottom of a black hole about to be

1298
00:55:14,150 --> 00:55:11,920
sucked in by gravity but uh

1299
00:55:17,349 --> 00:55:14,160
anyway it's very nice to be back here

1300
00:55:20,230 --> 00:55:17,359
and um it's it's always nice to talk

1301
00:55:21,589 --> 00:55:20,240
about apollo a great success story i

1302
00:55:24,789 --> 00:55:21,599
think

1303
00:55:28,309 --> 00:55:26,230
that because it's better than looking at

1304
00:55:30,470 --> 00:55:28,319
the black

1305
00:55:32,309 --> 00:55:30,480
imac screen

1306
00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:32,319
and i like that

1307
00:55:35,670 --> 00:55:34,559
photo it's my favorite one you see in

1308
00:55:49,589 --> 00:55:35,680
the

1309
00:55:51,349 --> 00:55:49,599
remains discreetly out of view

1310
00:55:55,030 --> 00:55:51,359
it's uh

1311
00:55:59,270 --> 00:55:55,040
but it's nice to talk about apollo it

1312
00:56:01,750 --> 00:55:59,280
as john glenn described john f kennedy's

1313
00:56:05,030 --> 00:56:01,760
mandate was a stark and very simple one

1314
00:56:06,950 --> 00:56:05,040
man on the moon by the end of the decade

1315
00:56:09,829 --> 00:56:06,960
it was such a clear objective though

1316
00:56:12,710 --> 00:56:09,839
there was no ambiguity to it all

1317
00:56:14,390 --> 00:56:12,720
factions could pull behind it one time

1318
00:56:18,390 --> 00:56:14,400
we had as many as

1319
00:56:20,309 --> 00:56:18,400
i think 400 000 americans working apollo

1320
00:56:21,910 --> 00:56:20,319
when i was director here i tried to use

1321
00:56:23,910 --> 00:56:21,920
the same uh

1322
00:56:27,710 --> 00:56:23,920
clarity in this building's construction

1323
00:56:29,589 --> 00:56:27,720
it was uh scheduled for july 4th

1324
00:56:32,470 --> 00:56:29,599
1976 the

1325
00:56:35,190 --> 00:56:32,480
the nation's bicentennial

1326
00:56:37,829 --> 00:56:35,200
so we had apollo

1327
00:56:40,230 --> 00:56:37,839
man on the moon ended the decade

1328
00:56:42,069 --> 00:56:40,240
museum on the mall bicentennial

1329
00:56:44,230 --> 00:56:42,079
and ice go around i used to run around

1330
00:56:47,030 --> 00:56:44,240
washington screaming bicentennial

1331
00:56:48,789 --> 00:56:47,040
bicentennial whenever there was a snag

1332
00:56:51,349 --> 00:56:48,799
that popped up in the

1333
00:56:53,829 --> 00:56:51,359
design or funding of the museum and it

1334
00:56:56,630 --> 00:56:53,839
helped a lot

1335
00:57:00,069 --> 00:56:56,640
but you're not here to discuss buildings

1336
00:57:02,390 --> 00:57:00,079
i know that but to ask us i suppose

1337
00:57:04,549 --> 00:57:02,400
what about apollo

1338
00:57:06,069 --> 00:57:04,559
what do we remember what was

1339
00:57:09,510 --> 00:57:06,079
important

1340
00:57:13,109 --> 00:57:09,520
i was talking apollo recently with my

1341
00:57:14,309 --> 00:57:13,119
daughter ann and somehow one small step

1342
00:57:17,510 --> 00:57:14,319
for a man

1343
00:57:22,069 --> 00:57:19,829
what would she have said i asked her

1344
00:57:24,470 --> 00:57:22,079
had she been the first person down that

1345
00:57:27,190 --> 00:57:24,480
lem ladder maybe

1346
00:57:28,470 --> 00:57:27,200
one small step for a woman no she shot

1347
00:57:38,829 --> 00:57:28,480
back

1348
00:57:45,990 --> 00:57:40,549
but

1349
00:57:49,109 --> 00:57:46,000
mr president i think you would have been

1350
00:57:50,710 --> 00:57:49,119
pleased with the flight of apollo 11.

1351
00:57:53,109 --> 00:57:50,720
everything worked so well so

1352
00:57:55,990 --> 00:57:53,119
surprisingly well

1353
00:57:58,710 --> 00:57:56,000
about the the flight itself the thing i

1354
00:58:01,589 --> 00:57:58,720
remember most is the view of planet

1355
00:58:03,190 --> 00:58:01,599
earth from a great distance

1356
00:58:05,670 --> 00:58:03,200
tiny

1357
00:58:07,910 --> 00:58:05,680
very shiny blue and white

1358
00:58:10,549 --> 00:58:07,920
bright beautiful

1359
00:58:12,470 --> 00:58:10,559
serene and fragile

1360
00:58:14,789 --> 00:58:12,480
you don't get the full flavor of it

1361
00:58:17,349 --> 00:58:14,799
looking at at this because

1362
00:58:19,510 --> 00:58:17,359
this has to be processed by film

1363
00:58:21,109 --> 00:58:19,520
emulsions which are pretty crude and

1364
00:58:23,190 --> 00:58:21,119
then projected

1365
00:58:25,829 --> 00:58:23,200
so it doesn't sparkle like the real

1366
00:58:28,150 --> 00:58:25,839
thing did it doesn't shine like a little

1367
00:58:31,910 --> 00:58:28,160
gem as it

1368
00:58:33,829 --> 00:58:31,920
would be if you could see it unfiltered

1369
00:58:36,549 --> 00:58:33,839
but

1370
00:58:38,950 --> 00:58:36,559
is the vision true well

1371
00:58:40,549 --> 00:58:38,960
serene it is not

1372
00:58:42,870 --> 00:58:40,559
fragile it is

1373
00:58:45,510 --> 00:58:42,880
the world population when we flew to the

1374
00:58:47,910 --> 00:58:45,520
moon was three billion people

1375
00:58:51,670 --> 00:58:47,920
today it's over six

1376
00:58:54,710 --> 00:58:51,680
and headed for eight so the experts say

1377
00:58:57,109 --> 00:58:54,720
in my view this growth is not wise

1378
00:58:59,109 --> 00:58:57,119
healthy or sustainable

1379
00:59:00,870 --> 00:58:59,119
the loss of habitat

1380
00:59:03,430 --> 00:59:00,880
the trashing of the oceans the

1381
00:59:06,549 --> 00:59:03,440
accumulation of waste products

1382
00:59:08,630 --> 00:59:06,559
this is no way to treat a planet

1383
00:59:10,789 --> 00:59:08,640
yet how do you stop it

1384
00:59:13,190 --> 00:59:10,799
our economic models

1385
00:59:14,549 --> 00:59:13,200
are all predicated on growth they

1386
00:59:16,150 --> 00:59:14,559
require it

1387
00:59:18,710 --> 00:59:16,160
grow or die

1388
00:59:21,589 --> 00:59:18,720
or maybe both

1389
00:59:25,430 --> 00:59:21,599
the dead zone created by runoff from the

1390
00:59:27,270 --> 00:59:25,440
mississippi into the gulf of mexico

1391
00:59:31,430 --> 00:59:27,280
is now larger than the state of new

1392
00:59:38,230 --> 00:59:34,870
we need a new economic paradigm

1393
00:59:42,150 --> 00:59:38,240
that somehow can produce prosperity

1394
00:59:47,030 --> 00:59:44,870
now turning to nasa and our future in

1395
00:59:49,030 --> 00:59:47,040
space

1396
00:59:50,630 --> 00:59:49,040
i add my uh

1397
00:59:52,789 --> 00:59:50,640
voice to buzzes although not as

1398
00:59:54,309 --> 00:59:52,799
eloquently

1399
00:59:55,430 --> 00:59:54,319
sometimes i think i flew to the wrong

1400
00:59:58,950 --> 00:59:55,440
place

1401
01:00:01,430 --> 00:59:58,960
mars was always my favorite as a kid

1402
01:00:02,549 --> 01:00:01,440
and it still is today

1403
01:00:06,870 --> 01:00:02,559
as

1404
01:00:10,230 --> 01:00:08,390
the moon is not a particularly

1405
01:00:11,750 --> 01:00:10,240
interesting place

1406
01:00:14,710 --> 01:00:11,760
but mars is

1407
01:00:16,069 --> 01:00:14,720
and mars is the closest thing to earth's

1408
01:00:18,630 --> 01:00:16,079
sister

1409
01:00:21,030 --> 01:00:18,640
that we've found so far

1410
01:00:23,670 --> 01:00:21,040
i worry that the current emphasis on

1411
01:00:26,069 --> 01:00:23,680
returning to the moon will cause us

1412
01:00:29,430 --> 01:00:26,079
to become ensnared in a technological

1413
01:00:31,510 --> 01:00:29,440
briar patch needlessly delaying for

1414
01:00:33,990 --> 01:00:31,520
decades the exploration

1415
01:00:37,510 --> 01:00:34,000
of mars a much more

1416
01:00:41,589 --> 01:00:39,030
i realize there are

1417
01:00:45,190 --> 01:00:41,599
many difficulties in reaching mars it's

1418
01:00:48,150 --> 01:00:45,200
a very long duration voyage i even wrote

1419
01:00:50,390 --> 01:00:48,160
a book about it one time

1420
01:00:52,549 --> 01:00:50,400
equipment reliability exposure to

1421
01:00:56,309 --> 01:00:52,559
radiation

1422
01:00:58,870 --> 01:00:56,319
aspects of crew selection and psychology

1423
01:01:00,789 --> 01:00:58,880
all these things are tough problems

1424
01:01:02,870 --> 01:01:00,799
but i don't see a

1425
01:01:04,150 --> 01:01:02,880
i don't see a show stopper they can be

1426
01:01:07,510 --> 01:01:04,160
solved

1427
01:01:08,630 --> 01:01:07,520
i'd like to see mars become the focus

1428
01:01:13,190 --> 01:01:08,640
just as

1429
01:01:18,789 --> 01:01:15,670
but getting back to apollo what

1430
01:01:21,190 --> 01:01:18,799
was its significance

1431
01:01:23,829 --> 01:01:21,200
historians tell us it's

1432
01:01:25,190 --> 01:01:23,839
much too early to judge but supposed

1433
01:01:27,510 --> 01:01:25,200
just suppose

1434
01:01:30,630 --> 01:01:27,520
we could fly out into space a whole

1435
01:01:32,710 --> 01:01:30,640
bunch of light years and look around

1436
01:01:35,270 --> 01:01:32,720
what would we see

1437
01:01:37,829 --> 01:01:35,280
with the right instruments

1438
01:01:40,309 --> 01:01:37,839
i think we could detect many many star

1439
01:01:42,710 --> 01:01:40,319
planet combinations

1440
01:01:43,510 --> 01:01:42,720
as suitable for sustaining life as our

1441
01:01:46,069 --> 01:01:43,520
own

1442
01:01:48,870 --> 01:01:46,079
sun earth combo

1443
01:01:51,270 --> 01:01:48,880
i have to stop here and

1444
01:01:52,710 --> 01:01:51,280
tell you a brief story years ago i was

1445
01:01:54,870 --> 01:01:52,720
uh

1446
01:01:56,710 --> 01:01:54,880
writing about what we might detect in

1447
01:02:00,309 --> 01:01:56,720
the way of far distant planets and i

1448
01:02:01,190 --> 01:02:00,319
kept using the word detectable

1449
01:02:04,829 --> 01:02:01,200
i

1450
01:02:07,589 --> 01:02:04,839
the

1451
01:02:09,990 --> 01:02:07,599
typist and when it came back

1452
01:02:12,630 --> 01:02:10,000
detectable had morphed into

1453
01:02:14,309 --> 01:02:12,640
delectable

1454
01:02:16,870 --> 01:02:14,319
and i thought that's wonderful what a

1455
01:02:18,390 --> 01:02:16,880
great promotion for a planet

1456
01:02:27,510 --> 01:02:18,400
but

1457
01:02:29,750 --> 01:02:27,520
detectable delectables

1458
01:02:35,589 --> 01:02:29,760
what categories

1459
01:02:37,829 --> 01:02:35,599
one way i think would be to see if their

1460
01:02:40,069 --> 01:02:37,839
inhabitants were wanderers

1461
01:02:44,069 --> 01:02:40,079
and if they had the capability

1462
01:02:47,430 --> 01:02:44,079
to wander away from their home planet

1463
01:02:49,349 --> 01:02:47,440
our earth is a bit over 4 billion

1464
01:02:51,750 --> 01:02:49,359
years old and in the first four billion

1465
01:02:54,390 --> 01:02:51,760
in cosmic terms

1466
01:02:57,190 --> 01:02:54,400
not much happened

1467
01:02:59,910 --> 01:02:57,200
then in 1968

1468
01:03:05,910 --> 01:03:03,670
apollo 8 left it exceeded escape

1469
01:03:08,309 --> 01:03:05,920
velocity

1470
01:03:11,910 --> 01:03:08,319
and gravity could no longer keep us

1471
01:03:18,870 --> 01:03:14,390
the next year apollo 11 not only left

1472
01:03:24,549 --> 01:03:22,710
neither went very far or did very much

1473
01:03:28,630 --> 01:03:24,559
but as ben franklin

1474
01:03:31,670 --> 01:03:28,640
once asked of what use is a newborn baby

1475
01:03:33,430 --> 01:03:31,680
i think apollo was a dividing line

1476
01:03:35,589 --> 01:03:33,440
putting earth

1477
01:03:37,029 --> 01:03:35,599
for better or for worse into a new

1478
01:03:39,510 --> 01:03:37,039
category

1479
01:03:41,990 --> 01:03:39,520
into the big leagues of planets

1480
01:03:44,549 --> 01:03:42,000
to me that is

1481
01:03:47,829 --> 01:03:44,559
what is the most significant

1482
01:03:49,430 --> 01:03:47,839
thing about apollo

1483
01:03:53,670 --> 01:03:49,440
if you'll permit me

1484
01:03:57,670 --> 01:03:55,430
the flight

1485
01:04:00,470 --> 01:03:57,680
accomplishments

1486
01:04:03,510 --> 01:04:00,480
the major accomplishment

1487
01:04:07,190 --> 01:04:03,520
was not the flight of apollo 11 but the

1488
01:04:11,589 --> 01:04:08,549
now

1489
01:04:15,190 --> 01:04:11,599
turning from the macro to the micro

1490
01:04:17,829 --> 01:04:15,200
turning to collins lucky old mike

1491
01:04:19,109 --> 01:04:17,839
my concept of time has always been a bit

1492
01:04:21,190 --> 01:04:19,119
strange

1493
01:04:23,510 --> 01:04:21,200
i can see a

1494
01:04:25,029 --> 01:04:23,520
a giant grandfather's clock up in the

1495
01:04:26,710 --> 01:04:25,039
sky

1496
01:04:30,710 --> 01:04:26,720
pendulum doesn't swing back and forth

1497
01:04:37,910 --> 01:04:34,710
it only moves once it starts way over on

1498
01:04:43,990 --> 01:04:41,029
that's the young you too young to drive

1499
01:04:45,750 --> 01:04:44,000
drink or have a steady girlfriend

1500
01:04:48,230 --> 01:04:45,760
then one night while you're asleep it

1501
01:04:50,549 --> 01:04:48,240
sweeps over to the right

1502
01:04:52,150 --> 01:04:50,559
to the too old side

1503
01:04:54,789 --> 01:04:52,160
the next morning you're suddenly over

1504
01:04:59,510 --> 01:04:54,799
the hill getting bald don't try running

1505
01:05:03,430 --> 01:05:01,349
you know for a lot of people it seems

1506
01:05:05,910 --> 01:05:03,440
that the pendulum has only

1507
01:05:10,150 --> 01:05:05,920
those two stops no middle

1508
01:05:12,230 --> 01:05:10,160
but not for the crew of apollo 11.

1509
01:05:14,549 --> 01:05:12,240
consider that neil armstrong was born in

1510
01:05:22,710 --> 01:05:14,559
1930

1511
01:05:25,430 --> 01:05:22,720
we came along at exactly the right time

1512
01:05:27,270 --> 01:05:25,440
that pendulum stopped for us in the

1513
01:05:30,470 --> 01:05:27,280
middle

1514
01:05:32,710 --> 01:05:30,480
we had survived hazardous careers and

1515
01:05:35,670 --> 01:05:32,720
and been successful in them

1516
01:05:38,230 --> 01:05:35,680
but in my own case at least it involved

1517
01:05:40,870 --> 01:05:38,240
10 percent shrewd planting and 90

1518
01:05:43,029 --> 01:05:40,880
percent blind luck

1519
01:05:45,190 --> 01:05:43,039
lucky that is how

1520
01:05:47,270 --> 01:05:45,200
limited to one word

1521
01:05:49,829 --> 01:05:47,280
i would describe my life

1522
01:05:51,349 --> 01:05:49,839
lucky to have found lucky to have had

1523
01:05:55,670 --> 01:05:51,359
loving parents

1524
01:06:00,630 --> 01:05:57,829
lucky to have two great daughters and

1525
01:06:02,390 --> 01:06:00,640
seven great-grandchildren

1526
01:06:04,870 --> 01:06:02,400
lucky not to be rich because i think

1527
01:06:05,589 --> 01:06:04,880
most rich people develop problems

1528
01:06:08,870 --> 01:06:05,599
but

1529
01:06:13,430 --> 01:06:11,670
so that i can spend my time doing things

1530
01:06:15,910 --> 01:06:13,440
that i like

1531
01:06:18,069 --> 01:06:15,920
what more could i ask

1532
01:06:19,270 --> 01:06:18,079
the things that i like i split my time

1533
01:06:22,390 --> 01:06:19,280
between

1534
01:06:23,910 --> 01:06:22,400
southern florida and new england

1535
01:06:26,309 --> 01:06:23,920
i have a

1536
01:06:28,710 --> 01:06:26,319
small paddle boat with which i fish

1537
01:06:29,670 --> 01:06:28,720
striped bass in the north snook in the

1538
01:06:32,710 --> 01:06:29,680
south

1539
01:06:35,349 --> 01:06:32,720
getting good exercise along the way i do

1540
01:06:37,910 --> 01:06:35,359
some watercolor painting i'm not a pro

1541
01:06:39,270 --> 01:06:37,920
like my friend al bean but i'm trying to

1542
01:06:42,150 --> 01:06:39,280
get better

1543
01:06:45,109 --> 01:06:42,160
i read a lot cook do one triathlon a

1544
01:06:47,430 --> 01:06:45,119
year worry about the stock market

1545
01:06:52,390 --> 01:06:47,440
keep looking for a really good bottle of

1546
01:06:59,510 --> 01:06:55,910
i'm moderately busy and and happy

1547
01:07:21,430 --> 01:07:01,670
put

1548
01:07:25,990 --> 01:07:24,069
thank you general collins

1549
01:07:29,510 --> 01:07:26,000
our final speaker this evening will be

1550
01:07:32,390 --> 01:07:29,520
apollo 11 commander neil armstrong

1551
01:07:34,630 --> 01:07:32,400
a proud graduate of purdue university mr

1552
01:07:36,150 --> 01:07:34,640
armstrong holds a masters of aerospace

1553
01:07:38,630 --> 01:07:36,160
engineering from the university of

1554
01:07:40,630 --> 01:07:38,640
southern california as well as numerous

1555
01:07:42,950 --> 01:07:40,640
honorary doctorates

1556
01:07:44,870 --> 01:07:42,960
mr armstrong has flown over 200

1557
01:07:47,670 --> 01:07:44,880
different models of aircraft

1558
01:07:49,910 --> 01:07:47,680
he served as a combat pilot in korea and

1559
01:07:52,150 --> 01:07:49,920
as a research pilot for the national

1560
01:07:53,910 --> 01:07:52,160
advisory committee for aeronautics

1561
01:07:55,750 --> 01:07:53,920
nasa's predecessor

1562
01:07:58,069 --> 01:07:55,760
he was the project pilot on many

1563
01:08:00,710 --> 01:07:58,079
high-speed aircraft including the x-15

1564
01:08:03,029 --> 01:08:00,720
that hangs outside this theater

1565
01:08:04,870 --> 01:08:03,039
but he is our final speaker this evening

1566
01:08:07,029 --> 01:08:04,880
because mr armstrong became a nasa

1567
01:08:09,990 --> 01:08:07,039
astronaut in 1962

1568
01:08:11,990 --> 01:08:10,000
commanding gemini 8 and as we all know

1569
01:08:13,829 --> 01:08:12,000
apollo 11.

1570
01:08:15,750 --> 01:08:13,839
he is a college professor who has taught

1571
01:08:17,749 --> 01:08:15,760
aerospace engineering

1572
01:08:19,430 --> 01:08:17,759
a trusted expert who helped run the

1573
01:08:21,829 --> 01:08:19,440
rogers commission

1574
01:08:23,189 --> 01:08:21,839
a businessman who has served on numerous

1575
01:08:26,149 --> 01:08:23,199
boards

1576
01:08:28,390 --> 01:08:26,159
and for 40 years a careful steward of

1577
01:08:29,749 --> 01:08:28,400
the responsibility of being the first

1578
01:08:31,910 --> 01:08:29,759
man on the moon

1579
01:08:49,990 --> 01:08:31,920
it is an honor to introduce mr neil

1580
01:08:50,000 --> 01:09:08,149
oh

1581
01:09:08,159 --> 01:09:12,550
thank you very much

1582
01:09:19,030 --> 01:09:16,390
our reason for gathering here tonight is

1583
01:09:22,070 --> 01:09:19,040
to remember the apollo program in

1584
01:09:26,470 --> 01:09:22,080
particular the 40th anniversary year

1585
01:09:28,709 --> 01:09:26,480
of achievements in the year 1969

1586
01:09:32,309 --> 01:09:28,719
and

1587
01:09:34,390 --> 01:09:32,319
because i wanted to talk about things

1588
01:09:35,510 --> 01:09:34,400
other than what the previous speaker's

1589
01:09:41,269 --> 01:09:35,520
talk

1590
01:09:42,550 --> 01:09:41,279
goddard

1591
01:09:52,070 --> 01:09:42,560
governance

1592
01:09:52,080 --> 01:09:55,350
part one

1593
01:10:00,630 --> 01:09:57,510
got it

1594
01:10:02,470 --> 01:10:00,640
many of you here tonight know

1595
01:10:05,750 --> 01:10:02,480
robert goddard

1596
01:10:08,070 --> 01:10:05,760
american inventor of the liquid

1597
01:10:11,110 --> 01:10:08,080
fueled rocket

1598
01:10:12,470 --> 01:10:11,120
as a young professor at clark university

1599
01:10:14,550 --> 01:10:12,480
uh

1600
01:10:17,990 --> 01:10:14,560
early in the 20th century

1601
01:10:21,510 --> 01:10:18,000
he searched for support for uh rocket

1602
01:10:23,830 --> 01:10:21,520
research without much success

1603
01:10:26,630 --> 01:10:23,840
his first substantive help

1604
01:10:28,830 --> 01:10:26,640
was a five thousand dollar grant over

1605
01:10:34,390 --> 01:10:28,840
five years

1606
01:10:41,030 --> 01:10:37,270
he received no government assistance

1607
01:10:42,830 --> 01:10:41,040
in any of his liquid rocket work

1608
01:10:46,390 --> 01:10:42,840
the first

1609
01:10:51,430 --> 01:10:46,400
successful liquid rocket flight occurred

1610
01:10:53,470 --> 01:10:51,440
in massachusetts uh in 1926

1611
01:10:55,470 --> 01:10:53,480
distance covered

1612
01:10:59,830 --> 01:10:55,480
180 feet

1613
01:11:02,950 --> 01:10:59,840
184 feet or maximum altitude

1614
01:11:05,350 --> 01:11:04,149
from then

1615
01:11:07,510 --> 01:11:05,360
for the next

1616
01:11:09,990 --> 01:11:07,520
decade and a half until the

1617
01:11:13,189 --> 01:11:10,000
beginning of world war ii

1618
01:11:15,030 --> 01:11:13,199
he was improving and enlarging his his

1619
01:11:17,430 --> 01:11:15,040
rockets and flying them faster and

1620
01:11:19,990 --> 01:11:17,440
higher at his flight test range in new

1621
01:11:22,070 --> 01:11:20,000
mexico

1622
01:11:24,830 --> 01:11:22,080
as a result of this work

1623
01:11:26,470 --> 01:11:24,840
he held 214

1624
01:11:28,630 --> 01:11:26,480
patents

1625
01:11:31,430 --> 01:11:28,640
on that work

1626
01:11:32,390 --> 01:11:31,440
his inventions his patents and successes

1627
01:11:34,470 --> 01:11:32,400
were

1628
01:11:35,830 --> 01:11:34,480
of limited interest here in the united

1629
01:11:38,630 --> 01:11:35,840
states

1630
01:11:42,070 --> 01:11:38,640
but they were oft noted

1631
01:11:43,830 --> 01:11:42,080
in europe where rocket clubs were very

1632
01:11:46,310 --> 01:11:43,840
very popular

1633
01:11:48,870 --> 01:11:46,320
the british interplanetary society the

1634
01:11:51,110 --> 01:11:48,880
gird and the soviet

1635
01:11:53,750 --> 01:11:51,120
in the soviet union and the german

1636
01:11:56,229 --> 01:11:53,760
rocket society and the rocket

1637
01:11:58,229 --> 01:11:56,239
section of the society astronomy de

1638
01:12:01,350 --> 01:11:58,239
france

1639
01:12:03,830 --> 01:12:01,360
in the uh 1930s

1640
01:12:05,750 --> 01:12:03,840
the war weapons department

1641
01:12:07,270 --> 01:12:05,760
of the army in berlin

1642
01:12:10,229 --> 01:12:07,280
recruited

1643
01:12:13,030 --> 01:12:10,239
rocket enthusiasts including

1644
01:12:15,430 --> 01:12:13,040
a young varner one brown

1645
01:12:18,390 --> 01:12:15,440
from the german rocket society

1646
01:12:21,350 --> 01:12:18,400
in order to institute a crash program

1647
01:12:23,189 --> 01:12:21,360
in rocket weapon development

1648
01:12:25,669 --> 01:12:23,199
they built ever larger rockets

1649
01:12:29,430 --> 01:12:25,679
culminating in the a4 or the vengeance

1650
01:12:34,310 --> 01:12:29,440
weapon two v2 v2 the v2

1651
01:12:38,709 --> 01:12:34,320
at 14 tons and 47 feet in height it was

1652
01:12:41,270 --> 01:12:38,719
a gigantic rocket for the time

1653
01:12:44,070 --> 01:12:41,280
thousands of v2s were launched toward

1654
01:12:47,350 --> 01:12:44,080
england and holland

1655
01:12:51,270 --> 01:12:47,360
with speeds of over 3 000 miles per hour

1656
01:12:54,149 --> 01:12:51,280
and a range of 234 miles and

1657
01:12:55,510 --> 01:12:54,159
approximately a 110 warhead

1658
01:12:58,070 --> 01:12:55,520
the v2

1659
01:13:02,310 --> 01:12:58,080
clearly suggested

1660
01:13:05,030 --> 01:13:02,320
that a rocket-powered long-range weapon

1661
01:13:07,110 --> 01:13:05,040
might be a useful addition to a military

1662
01:13:09,030 --> 01:13:07,120
arsenal

1663
01:13:14,310 --> 01:13:09,040
and no v2

1664
01:13:17,430 --> 01:13:16,070
at least six co

1665
01:13:20,630 --> 01:13:17,440
uh

1666
01:13:24,070 --> 01:13:20,640
concepts resident in the v2

1667
01:13:25,990 --> 01:13:24,080
had been patented by robert goddard

1668
01:13:28,470 --> 01:13:26,000
most of them prior

1669
01:13:30,070 --> 01:13:28,480
to the beginning of the german military

1670
01:13:32,630 --> 01:13:30,080
rocket effort

1671
01:13:34,070 --> 01:13:32,640
analysis of the v2 immediately after the

1672
01:13:35,510 --> 01:13:34,080
end of the war

1673
01:13:38,390 --> 01:13:35,520
disclosed that

1674
01:13:40,870 --> 01:13:38,400
all of its principal characteristics

1675
01:13:42,630 --> 01:13:40,880
were nearly identical to the

1676
01:13:44,470 --> 01:13:42,640
goddard rockets

1677
01:13:46,470 --> 01:13:44,480
it didn't take long

1678
01:13:48,149 --> 01:13:46,480
for military planners

1679
01:13:50,630 --> 01:13:48,159
particularly in the soviet union and

1680
01:13:53,510 --> 01:13:50,640
here in the united states

1681
01:13:56,229 --> 01:13:53,520
to note the possibility

1682
01:13:58,390 --> 01:13:56,239
of long-range rockets

1683
01:13:59,990 --> 01:13:58,400
armed with nuclear

1684
01:14:06,310 --> 01:14:00,000
warheads

1685
01:14:07,990 --> 01:14:06,320
aerospace manufacturers responded to

1686
01:14:10,470 --> 01:14:08,000
military requirements

1687
01:14:16,070 --> 01:14:10,480
with rocket-powered ballistic missiles

1688
01:14:20,310 --> 01:14:17,830
part two

1689
01:14:22,149 --> 01:14:20,320
governance

1690
01:14:24,550 --> 01:14:22,159
a great

1691
01:14:27,750 --> 01:14:24,560
global schism

1692
01:14:30,950 --> 01:14:27,760
developed during these years

1693
01:14:33,350 --> 01:14:30,960
political discord was based on

1694
01:14:34,950 --> 01:14:33,360
two superpowers the united states and

1695
01:14:36,229 --> 01:14:34,960
the soviet union

1696
01:14:39,270 --> 01:14:36,239
competing

1697
01:14:43,270 --> 01:14:39,280
for the respect of the world in general

1698
01:14:46,229 --> 01:14:43,280
and the unaligned nations in particular

1699
01:14:49,669 --> 01:14:46,239
and many of you here tonight remember

1700
01:14:52,070 --> 01:14:49,679
well the cold war vividly

1701
01:14:55,189 --> 01:14:52,080
younger members of the audience may not

1702
01:15:02,470 --> 01:14:59,270
cold war was a state of high tension and

1703
01:15:04,709 --> 01:15:02,480
high political tension and intense

1704
01:15:07,510 --> 01:15:04,719
military rivalry

1705
01:15:09,669 --> 01:15:07,520
the united states and its western allies

1706
01:15:11,830 --> 01:15:09,679
versus the soviet union

1707
01:15:15,189 --> 01:15:11,840
and its socialist

1708
01:15:19,669 --> 01:15:17,590
to defend themselves

1709
01:15:22,550 --> 01:15:19,679
the superpowers

1710
01:15:25,189 --> 01:15:22,560
depended on the doctrine of mutually

1711
01:15:28,310 --> 01:15:25,199
assured destruction

1712
01:15:29,910 --> 01:15:28,320
to deter either side from initiating a

1713
01:15:31,910 --> 01:15:29,920
nuclear attack

1714
01:15:36,310 --> 01:15:31,920
both sides were committed

1715
01:15:39,110 --> 01:15:36,320
to a full-scale nuclear counter attack

1716
01:15:41,350 --> 01:15:39,120
assuring the total destruction of both

1717
01:15:43,510 --> 01:15:41,360
nations

1718
01:15:45,510 --> 01:15:43,520
thousands of ballistic missiles armed

1719
01:15:47,430 --> 01:15:45,520
with nuclear warheads

1720
01:15:48,550 --> 01:15:47,440
created by the two super

1721
01:15:51,350 --> 01:15:48,560
powers

1722
01:15:56,870 --> 01:15:51,360
and pointed toward each other

1723
01:16:02,709 --> 01:15:59,189
part three

1724
01:16:08,149 --> 01:16:04,870
during the cold war

1725
01:16:11,030 --> 01:16:08,159
a little remembered but

1726
01:16:13,270 --> 01:16:11,040
particularly important research program

1727
01:16:15,430 --> 01:16:13,280
was underway

1728
01:16:19,590 --> 01:16:15,440
the program was called the international

1729
01:16:25,270 --> 01:16:23,590
66 countries joined together to analyze

1730
01:16:28,390 --> 01:16:25,280
our earth

1731
01:16:30,709 --> 01:16:28,400
oceanography meteorology solar

1732
01:16:34,229 --> 01:16:30,719
activity there's magnetism the upper

1733
01:16:38,550 --> 01:16:34,239
atmosphere cosmic rays meteors

1734
01:16:40,630 --> 01:16:38,560
the fascinating geophysical sciences

1735
01:16:45,510 --> 01:16:40,640
the igy was planned for

1736
01:16:49,910 --> 01:16:45,520
mid 1957 until the end of 1958

1737
01:16:51,110 --> 01:16:49,920
and even before the igy began

1738
01:16:54,550 --> 01:16:51,120
scientists

1739
01:16:56,950 --> 01:16:54,560
particularly russian and american

1740
01:16:58,709 --> 01:16:56,960
recognized that if

1741
01:17:01,030 --> 01:16:58,719
it would be possible

1742
01:17:05,110 --> 01:17:01,040
to use one of these new

1743
01:17:08,229 --> 01:17:05,120
high-performance military rockets

1744
01:17:10,310 --> 01:17:08,239
carrying scientific instruments to put a

1745
01:17:14,390 --> 01:17:10,320
man-made object

1746
01:17:16,709 --> 01:17:15,350
it

1747
01:17:18,310 --> 01:17:16,719
would have a perspective a new

1748
01:17:20,950 --> 01:17:18,320
perspective

1749
01:17:23,350 --> 01:17:20,960
allow accurate measurements

1750
01:17:24,790 --> 01:17:23,360
perhaps solving or at least shedding new

1751
01:17:27,669 --> 01:17:24,800
light

1752
01:17:31,030 --> 01:17:27,679
on some reverse mysteries

1753
01:17:33,189 --> 01:17:31,040
both countries publicly announced that

1754
01:17:36,149 --> 01:17:33,199
they were trying to develop

1755
01:17:39,430 --> 01:17:36,159
an artificial satellite

1756
01:17:41,750 --> 01:17:39,440
they didn't recognize it at the time

1757
01:17:44,630 --> 01:17:41,760
but they had started a new competition

1758
01:17:46,790 --> 01:17:44,640
which eventually became known as the

1759
01:17:49,430 --> 01:17:46,800
space race

1760
01:17:52,950 --> 01:17:49,440
the first heat

1761
01:17:57,590 --> 01:17:56,070
and as dr graft

1762
01:17:59,430 --> 01:17:57,600
noted

1763
01:18:01,669 --> 01:17:59,440
and all here we'll know

1764
01:18:04,229 --> 01:18:01,679
the soviet union succeeded in launching

1765
01:18:05,110 --> 01:18:04,239
sputnik 1 and 2 and winning that first

1766
01:18:08,550 --> 01:18:05,120
heat

1767
01:18:11,430 --> 01:18:08,560
americans followed with explorer 1.

1768
01:18:13,110 --> 01:18:11,440
sputnik shocked the american public

1769
01:18:15,189 --> 01:18:13,120
we believe we're the most

1770
01:18:17,030 --> 01:18:15,199
technologically advanced community in

1771
01:18:19,110 --> 01:18:17,040
the world and how could this have

1772
01:18:21,270 --> 01:18:19,120
happened somebody has to be doing

1773
01:18:22,950 --> 01:18:21,280
something

1774
01:18:24,709 --> 01:18:22,960
president eisenhower tried to calm the

1775
01:18:28,070 --> 01:18:24,719
waters he

1776
01:18:30,950 --> 01:18:28,080
he said as i understand it they've only

1777
01:18:33,270 --> 01:18:30,960
shot one small ball in the air

1778
01:18:37,350 --> 01:18:33,280
he said his concern about our nation's

1779
01:18:41,110 --> 01:18:37,360
security had not diminished one iota

1780
01:18:43,030 --> 01:18:41,120
actually he was probably very worried

1781
01:18:46,070 --> 01:18:43,040
a rocket that had the

1782
01:18:48,950 --> 01:18:46,080
power and the accuracy to orbit a

1783
01:18:51,189 --> 01:18:48,960
satellite had the power and accuracy to

1784
01:18:55,669 --> 01:18:51,199
send a nuclear warhead

1785
01:18:57,189 --> 01:18:55,679
across the ocean to a specific target

1786
01:18:58,790 --> 01:18:57,199
public interest in these space

1787
01:19:01,590 --> 01:18:58,800
activities was

1788
01:19:03,910 --> 01:19:01,600
unbelievably high

1789
01:19:05,910 --> 01:19:03,920
congress and the executive branch agreed

1790
01:19:08,550 --> 01:19:05,920
that the united states should have an

1791
01:19:12,149 --> 01:19:08,560
agency specifically dedicated to the

1792
01:19:14,470 --> 01:19:12,159
exploration and exploitation of space

1793
01:19:15,669 --> 01:19:14,480
and so it happened just over 50 years

1794
01:19:17,590 --> 01:19:15,679
ago

1795
01:19:20,550 --> 01:19:17,600
that president eisenhower signed the law

1796
01:19:23,189 --> 01:19:20,560
creating nasa

1797
01:19:25,510 --> 01:19:23,199
but the soviets continued to

1798
01:19:26,950 --> 01:19:25,520
dominate the space race winning heat

1799
01:19:29,030 --> 01:19:26,960
after heat

1800
01:19:31,910 --> 01:19:29,040
in addition to the first satellite they

1801
01:19:34,950 --> 01:19:31,920
they rocketed the first animal into

1802
01:19:37,750 --> 01:19:34,960
into orbit the russian dog leica in

1803
01:19:40,550 --> 01:19:37,760
english barker

1804
01:19:41,510 --> 01:19:40,560
the soviets were the first to fly a pro

1805
01:19:44,310 --> 01:19:41,520
probe

1806
01:19:46,390 --> 01:19:44,320
around the moon and the first to

1807
01:19:48,149 --> 01:19:46,400
send a remote controlled craft to reach

1808
01:19:50,790 --> 01:19:48,159
the surface

1809
01:19:52,709 --> 01:19:50,800
both in 1959

1810
01:19:54,149 --> 01:19:52,719
they were the first to fly a probe to

1811
01:19:57,990 --> 01:19:54,159
mars

1812
01:19:59,990 --> 01:19:58,000
in 1960 and the first to fly past venus

1813
01:20:01,510 --> 01:20:00,000
their progress was astounding and too

1814
01:20:03,669 --> 01:20:01,520
many americans

1815
01:20:07,110 --> 01:20:03,679
were racism

1816
01:20:08,149 --> 01:20:07,120
oh we had a few successes our marijuana

1817
01:20:10,790 --> 01:20:08,159
ii although

1818
01:20:12,870 --> 01:20:10,800
arriving at venus after the russians was

1819
01:20:13,750 --> 01:20:12,880
far more successful

1820
01:20:15,430 --> 01:20:13,760
and

1821
01:20:16,950 --> 01:20:15,440
we put up the first communications

1822
01:20:19,270 --> 01:20:16,960
satellites and

1823
01:20:21,270 --> 01:20:19,280
out on the whole

1824
01:20:25,030 --> 01:20:21,280
the soviets were out in front in most

1825
01:20:27,590 --> 01:20:25,040
areas many americans were embarrassed

1826
01:20:29,189 --> 01:20:27,600
both sides wanted to put humans into

1827
01:20:31,430 --> 01:20:29,199
space

1828
01:20:33,430 --> 01:20:31,440
both nations used their biggest rockets

1829
01:20:35,030 --> 01:20:33,440
originally built as intercontinental

1830
01:20:40,790 --> 01:20:35,040
ballistic missiles

1831
01:20:44,790 --> 01:20:41,910
and as

1832
01:20:46,390 --> 01:20:44,800
dr kraft also noted one month after the

1833
01:20:48,470 --> 01:20:46,400
inauguration of

1834
01:20:49,669 --> 01:20:48,480
the new young president john fitzgerald

1835
01:20:52,070 --> 01:20:49,679
kennedy

1836
01:20:53,590 --> 01:20:52,080
the russians again

1837
01:20:55,590 --> 01:20:53,600
to the

1838
01:20:58,229 --> 01:20:55,600
substantial surprise of the american

1839
01:20:59,990 --> 01:20:58,239
public in general in general

1840
01:21:01,830 --> 01:21:00,000
rocketed a young

1841
01:21:06,629 --> 01:21:01,840
russian pilot

1842
01:21:08,310 --> 01:21:06,639
like say or yuri alexeyevich gagarin

1843
01:21:10,310 --> 01:21:08,320
into space

1844
01:21:13,750 --> 01:21:10,320
circling the earth in 108 minutes and

1845
01:21:16,070 --> 01:21:13,760
recovered him successfully

1846
01:21:18,709 --> 01:21:16,080
the world cheered the soviet

1847
01:21:21,510 --> 01:21:18,719
success accomplishment

1848
01:21:23,510 --> 01:21:21,520
kennedy called the new agency into the

1849
01:21:25,510 --> 01:21:23,520
white house and is there any place we

1850
01:21:26,950 --> 01:21:25,520
can catch him what can we do when is it

1851
01:21:29,270 --> 01:21:26,960
dr kraft

1852
01:21:31,669 --> 01:21:29,280
pointed out they had a hard time

1853
01:21:34,149 --> 01:21:31,679
thinking of anything we could do

1854
01:21:36,550 --> 01:21:34,159
to catch him short of

1855
01:21:38,870 --> 01:21:36,560
either going around the moon or landing

1856
01:21:40,709 --> 01:21:38,880
in the surface of the moon

1857
01:21:42,390 --> 01:21:40,719
and even then

1858
01:21:43,990 --> 01:21:42,400
it would take a concerted national

1859
01:21:46,790 --> 01:21:44,000
effort

1860
01:21:49,189 --> 01:21:46,800
sort of like a manhattan project for the

1861
01:21:50,470 --> 01:21:49,199
the atom bomb

1862
01:21:53,030 --> 01:21:50,480
and so now

1863
01:21:55,510 --> 01:21:53,040
in this year

1864
01:21:59,189 --> 01:21:55,520
2009

1865
01:22:02,470 --> 01:21:59,199
we remember the apex of that

1866
01:22:04,390 --> 01:22:02,480
space race four decades ago

1867
01:22:06,070 --> 01:22:04,400
the manned flights of apollo actually

1868
01:22:08,470 --> 01:22:06,080
began in

1869
01:22:10,870 --> 01:22:08,480
late 1968.

1870
01:22:14,149 --> 01:22:10,880
apollo 7 the first

1871
01:22:16,229 --> 01:22:14,159
and so important test flight of the

1872
01:22:19,030 --> 01:22:16,239
apollo command module

1873
01:22:22,310 --> 01:22:19,040
and apollo 8 the second

1874
01:22:25,110 --> 01:22:22,320
flight that remarkably bold flight to

1875
01:22:27,830 --> 01:22:25,120
and orbiting the moon

1876
01:22:29,910 --> 01:22:27,840
launched on only the third saturn v

1877
01:22:33,030 --> 01:22:29,920
rocket

1878
01:22:35,750 --> 01:22:33,040
two months later apollo 9 launched with

1879
01:22:38,310 --> 01:22:35,760
two spacecraft the normal apollo command

1880
01:22:41,270 --> 01:22:38,320
module and with the new lunar landing

1881
01:22:43,030 --> 01:22:41,280
craft called the lunar module they named

1882
01:22:45,110 --> 01:22:43,040
spyder

1883
01:22:47,669 --> 01:22:45,120
it was the first checkout

1884
01:22:49,590 --> 01:22:47,679
of that ungainly machine

1885
01:22:52,070 --> 01:22:49,600
in earth orbit

1886
01:22:53,189 --> 01:22:52,080
the lunar module flew again in apollo 10

1887
01:22:57,189 --> 01:22:53,199
this time

1888
01:22:59,830 --> 01:22:57,199
to the moon in a full dress rehearsal

1889
01:23:01,910 --> 01:22:59,840
of a landing attempt

1890
01:23:06,550 --> 01:23:01,920
and on 13 july

1891
01:23:08,790 --> 01:23:06,560
of 69 soviets launched luna 15.

1892
01:23:11,270 --> 01:23:08,800
it had no human crew aboard

1893
01:23:13,510 --> 01:23:11,280
but its secret mission was to land on

1894
01:23:16,390 --> 01:23:13,520
the lunar surface collect some soil

1895
01:23:18,870 --> 01:23:16,400
samples rocket them back to earth

1896
01:23:21,110 --> 01:23:18,880
and claim a soviet victory

1897
01:23:23,830 --> 01:23:21,120
first chunks of the moon returned to the

1898
01:23:25,590 --> 01:23:23,840
earth by humans

1899
01:23:28,310 --> 01:23:25,600
three days later

1900
01:23:29,830 --> 01:23:28,320
apollo 11 departed kennedy space center

1901
01:23:33,030 --> 01:23:29,840
for luna

1902
01:23:34,550 --> 01:23:33,040
the crew did not know about luna 15

1903
01:23:35,990 --> 01:23:34,560
or its goal

1904
01:23:37,830 --> 01:23:36,000
mission control

1905
01:23:40,070 --> 01:23:37,840
informed the crew of the existence of

1906
01:23:42,629 --> 01:23:40,080
the silver soviet craft while they were

1907
01:23:44,870 --> 01:23:42,639
enroute to the moon

1908
01:23:46,950 --> 01:23:44,880
luna 15 was in orbit

1909
01:23:50,149 --> 01:23:46,960
around the moon preparing for its

1910
01:23:51,990 --> 01:23:50,159
descent when the americans arrived

1911
01:23:55,750 --> 01:23:52,000
it circled the moon

1912
01:23:58,310 --> 01:23:55,760
for four days and began its descent

1913
01:24:00,550 --> 01:23:58,320
on july 20th

1914
01:24:04,070 --> 01:24:00,560
but its landing system failed

1915
01:24:05,910 --> 01:24:04,080
and it crashed into the lunar surface

1916
01:24:08,550 --> 01:24:05,920
that same day

1917
01:24:10,550 --> 01:24:08,560
apollo 11's lunar module

1918
01:24:12,870 --> 01:24:10,560
named eagle

1919
01:24:16,390 --> 01:24:12,880
made a smooth touchdown

1920
01:24:20,470 --> 01:24:16,400
on luna's mari tranquilitatis

1921
01:24:22,470 --> 01:24:20,480
40 years again 40 years ago tomorrow

1922
01:24:25,030 --> 01:24:22,480
fulfilling the dreams of those hundreds

1923
01:24:27,110 --> 01:24:25,040
of thousands who had divided devoted

1924
01:24:30,790 --> 01:24:27,120
their lives

1925
01:24:32,950 --> 01:24:30,800
to that project for nearly a decade

1926
01:24:35,270 --> 01:24:32,960
in october

1927
01:24:37,510 --> 01:24:35,280
soyuz six seven and eight

1928
01:24:40,629 --> 01:24:37,520
with seven cosmonauts aboard

1929
01:24:42,790 --> 01:24:40,639
flew simultaneously and in november

1930
01:24:44,709 --> 01:24:42,800
apollo 12

1931
01:24:46,950 --> 01:24:44,719
made the second successful landing on

1932
01:24:48,870 --> 01:24:46,960
the moon

1933
01:24:51,189 --> 01:24:48,880
russians announced they had no interest

1934
01:24:52,870 --> 01:24:51,199
in the moon they were focusing on

1935
01:24:55,030 --> 01:24:52,880
an earth orbiting

1936
01:24:57,350 --> 01:24:55,040
manned laboratory

1937
01:24:59,590 --> 01:24:57,360
only much later did we learn

1938
01:25:02,229 --> 01:24:59,600
that they had in fact

1939
01:25:04,870 --> 01:25:02,239
did have a lunar landing program

1940
01:25:06,870 --> 01:25:04,880
and there's theirs was a cover story for

1941
01:25:08,790 --> 01:25:06,880
the failures of their gigantic lunar

1942
01:25:11,669 --> 01:25:08,800
rocket

1943
01:25:14,550 --> 01:25:11,679
the space race

1944
01:25:14,560 --> 01:25:17,750
it was the ultimate

1945
01:25:20,709 --> 01:25:18,870
peaceful

1946
01:25:24,310 --> 01:25:20,719
competition

1947
01:25:27,350 --> 01:25:24,320
usa versus ussr

1948
01:25:29,750 --> 01:25:27,360
i'll not assert that uh

1949
01:25:32,950 --> 01:25:29,760
it was a diversion which prevented a war

1950
01:25:35,830 --> 01:25:32,960
nevertheless it was a diversion

1951
01:25:38,390 --> 01:25:35,840
it was intense and it did allow to both

1952
01:25:40,390 --> 01:25:38,400
sides to take the high road

1953
01:25:43,590 --> 01:25:40,400
with the objectives of science and

1954
01:25:44,950 --> 01:25:43,600
learning and exploration

1955
01:25:47,189 --> 01:25:44,960
eventually

1956
01:25:50,310 --> 01:25:47,199
it provided a mechanism

1957
01:25:53,189 --> 01:25:50,320
for engendering cooperation

1958
01:25:55,669 --> 01:25:53,199
between former adversaries

1959
01:25:58,070 --> 01:25:55,679
in that sense among others it was an

1960
01:26:00,470 --> 01:25:58,080
exceptional national investment for both

1961
01:26:05,110 --> 01:26:02,470
so i close

1962
01:26:07,270 --> 01:26:05,120
remembering goddard governance and

1963
01:26:09,030 --> 01:26:07,280
geophysics

1964
01:26:11,430 --> 01:26:09,040
the american

1965
01:26:13,270 --> 01:26:11,440
robert goddard invented the liquid

1966
01:26:14,310 --> 01:26:13,280
propellant rocket

1967
01:26:17,270 --> 01:26:14,320
germany

1968
01:26:20,149 --> 01:26:17,280
used his technology to develop a large

1969
01:26:22,629 --> 01:26:20,159
strategic weapon

1970
01:26:25,350 --> 01:26:22,639
a governance comp competition between

1971
01:26:27,430 --> 01:26:25,360
superpowers resulted in the military

1972
01:26:30,310 --> 01:26:27,440
development of very low

1973
01:26:33,750 --> 01:26:30,320
high performance rockets

1974
01:26:36,070 --> 01:26:33,760
a scientific program in geophysics led

1975
01:26:38,070 --> 01:26:36,080
to the use of those big rockets to

1976
01:26:40,149 --> 01:26:38,080
launch the first satellites around the

1977
01:26:42,310 --> 01:26:40,159
earth

1978
01:26:44,070 --> 01:26:42,320
those satellites initiated the space

1979
01:26:50,229 --> 01:26:44,080
race

1980
01:26:52,390 --> 01:26:50,239
events we celebrate this evening

1981
01:26:54,470 --> 01:26:52,400
would humans have explored

1982
01:26:56,149 --> 01:26:54,480
the moon without the work

1983
01:26:58,709 --> 01:26:56,159
of robert goddard

1984
01:27:01,430 --> 01:26:58,719
the existence of the cold war

1985
01:27:03,669 --> 01:27:01,440
or the igy

1986
01:27:06,470 --> 01:27:03,679
perhaps

1987
01:27:09,510 --> 01:27:06,480
but certainly never on the schedule

1988
01:27:12,470 --> 01:27:09,520
as it actually occurred

1989
01:27:14,390 --> 01:27:12,480
history is a sequence of

1990
01:27:17,590 --> 01:27:14,400
random events and

1991
01:27:21,030 --> 01:27:17,600
unpredictable choices

1992
01:27:23,590 --> 01:27:21,040
which is why the future is so difficult

1993
01:27:24,550 --> 01:27:23,600
to foresee

1994
01:27:27,110 --> 01:27:24,560
but

1995
01:27:28,870 --> 01:27:27,120
you can try

1996
01:27:31,669 --> 01:27:28,880
thank you all for

1997
01:27:34,629 --> 01:27:31,679
helping us celebrate

1998
01:27:59,669 --> 01:27:34,639
this space flight anniversary

1999
01:28:04,470 --> 01:28:02,390
this concludes this evening's program

2000
01:28:06,310 --> 01:28:04,480
and i'm sure that you all share my

2001
01:28:08,070 --> 01:28:06,320
gratitude to

2002
01:28:10,950 --> 01:28:08,080
dr aldrin

2003
01:28:14,070 --> 01:28:10,960
general collins colonel armstrong

2004
01:28:15,669 --> 01:28:14,080
and dr kraft for what is truly a

2005
01:28:33,030 --> 01:28:15,679
memorable evening

2006
01:28:33,040 --> 01:28:50,390
i think they like it

2007
01:28:54,390 --> 01:28:52,390
like to also thank senator glenn for

2008
01:28:57,270 --> 01:28:54,400
hosting the

2009
01:28:59,750 --> 01:28:57,280
annual john glenn lecture

2010
01:29:01,510 --> 01:28:59,760
and also once again our gratitude to the

2011
01:29:03,270 --> 01:29:01,520
boeing company for making this possible

2012
01:29:05,350 --> 01:29:03,280
this evening

2013
01:29:06,470 --> 01:29:05,360
the please exit through the rear of the

2014
01:29:08,390 --> 01:29:06,480
theater

2015
01:29:10,870 --> 01:29:08,400
those in the front rows please follow

2016
01:29:12,550 --> 01:29:10,880
the instructions of the the folks that

2017
01:29:14,550 --> 01:29:12,560
are at the end of your rose and we'll

2018
01:29:16,070 --> 01:29:14,560
have bringing you down through the

2019
01:29:18,470 --> 01:29:16,080
stairway in front